Clarity In Writing & The Curse of Reader Assumption
I'm happy to welcome back Dr. John Yeoman of Writer's Village, a writing community dedicated to helping writers succeed. Today he's looking at an important facet of the story-audience connection: reader assumptions.
It is very important that we achieve CLARITY when we write. Is the audience picking up on our exact meaning the way we intend? What viewpoint biases do they apply to what they read? This is a great topic, so please read on for a deeper look!
Are Your Stories Killed by the Curse of Assumption?
by John Yeoman
Would you have misunderstood these opening lines as badly as I did?
‘She cursed her killer Jimmy Choos as she entered the room. The man met her eyes and slipped his Mont Blanc quickly into his pocket.’
Having read too much John le Carré, I assumed that Jimmy Choos was the name of an assassin she’d hired to kill her husband. And a Mont Blanc was a gun, presumably of French design.
My wife got it at once. Of course! This was a style-conscious young woman on a blind date. But I missed it. Why? I’m a reclusive old man.
We can’t always choose our readers. If the reader misunderstands us, our story is lost. And every reader brings to our story their own assumptions.
Try these three ways to avert the Curse of Reader Assumption:
1. Establish the context of your story at once - unless you want to obscure it.
Don’t just dump that information on us in the authorial voice, of course. Let the narrator convey it in passing. Here’s a scene from an historical novel, located in London 1598:
‘It was a bright chill morning, the air sharp with the tang of burning apple wood. Mercifully, the rain had abated these past few days, having pelted down relentlessly for several months. No doubt, the farmers were praying now for a good harvest as they bided their time, waiting to sow the fields with what little corn they still possessed. I prayed with them. I had been a farmer once.’
We don’t need to tell the reader that England in 1598 was recovering from three years of rain-induced famine. We’ve suggested it obliquely. and slid in a little information about our character too.
Why might you want to obscure the context?
In China Mieville’s disturbing novel The City & The City the context is initially clear. Or so it seems. A body is found. Detectives gather and chew their nails while they wait for the path report. It’s a re-run of James Patterson. Isn’t it?
No. Ghost-like creatures drift about. The landscape keeps shifting, as if in a dream. Characters freeze until things are back to normal then resume as if nothing had happened. This is an alternative world. The story is a sci-fantasy. Mieville deliberately makes its context - and genre - ambiguous, to unsettle the reader.
2. Keep reminding us of the context.
Thornton Wilder opens his deliciously satiric novel The Cabbala in a train carriage in Italy circa 1920:
‘In one compartment a party drawn from that race that travels most and derives least pleasure from it talked tirelessly of bad hotels, the ladies sitting with their skirts whipped about their ankles to discourage the ascent of fleas.’
Whenever the travellers’ conversation starts to roam, Wilder reminds us they’re still on a train:
‘In another compartment an adventuress in silver sables leaned one cheek against the shuddering window panes ... In the pause that followed, fragments of conversation from the various corners of the compartment flowed in upon our minds ...’
Each incident is linked by the term ‘compartment’ so that we never forget the context.
2. Use ‘stage business’ to keep us in the scene.
If you can’t remind us of the context with the repetition of a linking word (or phrase), as Wilder does, call our attention continually to props that define the setting. It’s stage business. If a theatrical producer wanted to suggest a Wild West saloon, he might hang an elk head over the door, put a spittoon in the corner and make the characters use it every moment. Suppose our character is chatting in a modern bar. A long dialogue ensues. Break it up!
Have the speakers cradle a glass, order a snack, check the clock, visit the restroom... all the things that people do in a bar.
Use those props continually to ground the reader in the context of the bar.
3. Keep the continuity going.
When you use a lot of frame shifts - switches of point of view, flashbacks, flashforwards and the like - it’s particularly important to retain continuity in the context. Otherwise, the reader gets lost. For example, a woman rambling in the country might chance upon a derelict church:
‘This had once been a graveyard. Nettles, briars, thistles taller than a man’s head. Grey stones poked out like stubs of broken teeth. She remembered her father’s funeral...’
The narrator’s mind then flashes back to the funeral. Ten pages later the reader may have lost their place in the story entirely. So bring us back to the graveyard.
‘She wiped the grave dust from her hands and ran from that dead place. Thistles tugged at her dress and briars tripped her feet but she didn’t notice. In her face was a new resolve.’
Now that long digressive flashback has been restored to its context and the story can resume.
Don’t give the reader a chance to misinterpret your story!
It’s not enough to spell out the context in chapter one and forget it
thereafter. The reader will forget it too. Maybe they’ll put down our
story and not return to it for another month. Or they’re lurching around
town in a taxi, an IPad in one hand and their heart in the other. Keep
reminding us, page by page, of what the story’s all about.
Dr John Yeoman, PhD Creative Writing, judges the Writers’ Village story
competition and is a tutor in creative writing at a UK university. He
has been a successful commercial author for 42 years.
A wealth of
further ideas for writing fiction that sells can be found in his free
14-part story course at Writers' Village.
A big thank you to John for tackling this! Clarity is so important, and we have to always remember that the audience's education and life experience will place a filter on what they read.
Have you ever read a story where you read something one way, only to realize later that you misinterpreted the writer's intent? Let me know in the comments, and make sure to stop in at Writer's Village. There's a ton of great resources and advice to be found.
It is very important that we achieve CLARITY when we write. Is the audience picking up on our exact meaning the way we intend? What viewpoint biases do they apply to what they read? This is a great topic, so please read on for a deeper look!
Are Your Stories Killed by the Curse of Assumption?
by John Yeoman
Would you have misunderstood these opening lines as badly as I did?
‘She cursed her killer Jimmy Choos as she entered the room. The man met her eyes and slipped his Mont Blanc quickly into his pocket.’
Having read too much John le Carré, I assumed that Jimmy Choos was the name of an assassin she’d hired to kill her husband. And a Mont Blanc was a gun, presumably of French design.
My wife got it at once. Of course! This was a style-conscious young woman on a blind date. But I missed it. Why? I’m a reclusive old man.
We can’t always choose our readers. If the reader misunderstands us, our story is lost. And every reader brings to our story their own assumptions.
Try these three ways to avert the Curse of Reader Assumption:
1. Establish the context of your story at once - unless you want to obscure it.
Don’t just dump that information on us in the authorial voice, of course. Let the narrator convey it in passing. Here’s a scene from an historical novel, located in London 1598:
‘It was a bright chill morning, the air sharp with the tang of burning apple wood. Mercifully, the rain had abated these past few days, having pelted down relentlessly for several months. No doubt, the farmers were praying now for a good harvest as they bided their time, waiting to sow the fields with what little corn they still possessed. I prayed with them. I had been a farmer once.’
We don’t need to tell the reader that England in 1598 was recovering from three years of rain-induced famine. We’ve suggested it obliquely. and slid in a little information about our character too.
Why might you want to obscure the context?
In China Mieville’s disturbing novel The City & The City the context is initially clear. Or so it seems. A body is found. Detectives gather and chew their nails while they wait for the path report. It’s a re-run of James Patterson. Isn’t it?
No. Ghost-like creatures drift about. The landscape keeps shifting, as if in a dream. Characters freeze until things are back to normal then resume as if nothing had happened. This is an alternative world. The story is a sci-fantasy. Mieville deliberately makes its context - and genre - ambiguous, to unsettle the reader.
2. Keep reminding us of the context.
Thornton Wilder opens his deliciously satiric novel The Cabbala in a train carriage in Italy circa 1920:
‘In one compartment a party drawn from that race that travels most and derives least pleasure from it talked tirelessly of bad hotels, the ladies sitting with their skirts whipped about their ankles to discourage the ascent of fleas.’
Whenever the travellers’ conversation starts to roam, Wilder reminds us they’re still on a train:
‘In another compartment an adventuress in silver sables leaned one cheek against the shuddering window panes ... In the pause that followed, fragments of conversation from the various corners of the compartment flowed in upon our minds ...’
Each incident is linked by the term ‘compartment’ so that we never forget the context.
2. Use ‘stage business’ to keep us in the scene.
If you can’t remind us of the context with the repetition of a linking word (or phrase), as Wilder does, call our attention continually to props that define the setting. It’s stage business. If a theatrical producer wanted to suggest a Wild West saloon, he might hang an elk head over the door, put a spittoon in the corner and make the characters use it every moment. Suppose our character is chatting in a modern bar. A long dialogue ensues. Break it up!
Have the speakers cradle a glass, order a snack, check the clock, visit the restroom... all the things that people do in a bar.
Use those props continually to ground the reader in the context of the bar.
3. Keep the continuity going.
When you use a lot of frame shifts - switches of point of view, flashbacks, flashforwards and the like - it’s particularly important to retain continuity in the context. Otherwise, the reader gets lost. For example, a woman rambling in the country might chance upon a derelict church:
‘This had once been a graveyard. Nettles, briars, thistles taller than a man’s head. Grey stones poked out like stubs of broken teeth. She remembered her father’s funeral...’
The narrator’s mind then flashes back to the funeral. Ten pages later the reader may have lost their place in the story entirely. So bring us back to the graveyard.
‘She wiped the grave dust from her hands and ran from that dead place. Thistles tugged at her dress and briars tripped her feet but she didn’t notice. In her face was a new resolve.’
Now that long digressive flashback has been restored to its context and the story can resume.
Don’t give the reader a chance to misinterpret your story!
It’s not enough to spell out the context in chapter one and forget it
thereafter. The reader will forget it too. Maybe they’ll put down our
story and not return to it for another month. Or they’re lurching around
town in a taxi, an IPad in one hand and their heart in the other. Keep
reminding us, page by page, of what the story’s all about.
Dr John Yeoman, PhD Creative Writing, judges the Writers’ Village story
competition and is a tutor in creative writing at a UK university. He
has been a successful commercial author for 42 years.
A wealth of
further ideas for writing fiction that sells can be found in his free
14-part story course at Writers' Village.
A big thank you to John for tackling this! Clarity is so important, and we have to always remember that the audience's education and life experience will place a filter on what they read.
Have you ever read a story where you read something one way, only to realize later that you misinterpreted the writer's intent? Let me know in the comments, and make sure to stop in at Writer's Village. There's a ton of great resources and advice to be found.
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Suzanne
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Mar 12, 2013 06:32AM
Great article.
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Thanks! We have had John on a few times, and he really sheds light on some great topics. :)
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