A Regency Era Timeline 1821 in progress

English Historical Fiction Author’s

Several of the followers of The Things That Catch My Eye blog will know that I also blog over at English Historical Fiction Authors.

The EHFA has a different blog post everyday supplied by authors like myself in the field. The reason to draw your attention to the EHFA today, is that the one year anniversary of the website/blog will be this weekend and there are approximately 20 books being given away in honor of that event. Just post a comment on Saturday the 22nd, or Sunday the 23rd at the site.

Timeline

Each time I start a year, I have already compiled a list, months ago with about 6000 entered of what happened from 1788 to 1837. My first step now (It took several trials to get this down to a science) is to cut out the specific year I will work on and paste it into its own spreadsheet to work with. When I worked on the entire spreadsheet, sometimes inserting a line, with all the graphics I had begun to place, took a long time. Working on each year alone, is a lot faster.

With the year separated out, I now turn to my book sources,

The Timetables of History by Grun and Stein

Chronology of CULTURE by Paxton and Fairfield

What Happened When by Carruth.

, History of the World. A beautiful Dorealing Kindersley book.

I now and diligently look through each of these to find entries that I did not come across on the internet, and other printed lists. It is possible that there are places that have more listings for each year. I have not found them. And when you go to the Timelines at the Regency Assembly Press page, there you will see all the graphical references as well. Something that I did not find anywhere else.

Here is the start of 1821:

Year

Month Day

Event



1821

Jan 4

The first native-born American saint, Elizabeth Ann Seton, died in Emmitsburg, Md.



1821

Jan 21

John Breckinridge (d.1875), 14th U.S. Vice President, was born. He served under James Buchanan (1857-1861). Breckenridge was a Confederate General in the Civil War. [His brother-in-law was Lloyd Tevis, founder of Wells Fargo]



1821

Feb 3

Elizabeth Blackwell (d.1910), first woman to get an MD from a U.S. medical school, was born in Bristol, England.



1821

Feb 11

Auguste Edouard Mariette, French Egyptologist, (dug out Sphinx 12/16/42), was born.



1821

Feb 12

The Mercantile Library of City of NY opened.



1821

Feb 21

Charles Scribner, was born. He founded the New York Publishing firm which became Charles Scribner’s Sons and also founded Scribner’s magazine.



1821

Feb 22

The Adams-Onis Treaty became final, whereby Spain gave up all of Florida to the US. The boundary between Mexico and the Louisiana Purchase was established and the US renounced all claims to Texas.



1821

Feb 23

College of Apothecaries, the 1st US pharmacy college, was organized in Philadelphia.



1821

Feb 23

John Keats, English poet, died of tuberculosis at the age of 26. In 1998 the biography “Keats” by Andrew Motion was published. Earlier biographies included one by W. Jackson Bates (1963), and a novelistic psychological portrait by Aileen Ward (1963). The standard work on Keats was written by Robert Gittings in 1968.



1821

Feb 24

Mexico rebels proclaimed the “Plan de Iguala,” their declaration of independence from Spain, and took over the mission lands in California.



1821

Mar 5

Monroe was the first president to be inaugurated on March 5, only because the 4th was a Sunday.



1821

Mar 14

African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church founded in NY.



1821

Mar 15

Josef Loschmidt (d.1895), a pioneer of 19th-century physics and chemistry, was born in Putschim (Pocerny), Bohemia. In his first publication (1861) Loschmidt proposed the first structural chemical formulae for many important molecules, introducing markings for double and triple carbon bonds. In 1865 he became the first person to use the kinetic theory of gases to obtain a reasonably good value for the diameter of a molecule. What we call “Avogadro’s number” is, in German-speaking countries, called “Loschmidt’s number.”



1821

Mar 19

Sir Richard Burton (d.1890), English explorer, was born.



1821

Mar 25

Greece gained independence from Turkey (National Day). [see Mar 28]



1821

Mar 26

Franz Grillparzer’s “Das Goldene Vliess” premiered in Vienna.



1821

Mar 28

Greek Independence Day celebrates the liberation of Southern Greece from Turkish domination. In 1844 Thomas Gordon authored a study of the Greek revolution. In 2001 David Brewer authored “The Greek War of Independence.”



1821

Apr 4

Linus Yale, American portrait painter and inventor of the Yale lock, was born.



1821

Apr 9

Charles Baudelaire (d.1867), French poet, was born. His works were censored and he was considered a pathetic psychopath; he also became the most acute critic of his age in France. He was photographed by Felix Nadar in 1855.



1821

Apr 20

Franz K. Achard (67), German physicist, chemist, died.



1821

May 3

The Richmond [Virginia] Light Artillery was organized.



1821

May 5

Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor France (1799-1815), died in exile on the island of St. Helena. He died by slow poisoning at the hands of his companion Charles Tristan de Montholon on the island of St. Helena. Scottish pathologist Dr. Hamilton Smith later used Napoleon’s hair to determine that arsenic had been administered about 40 times from 1820-1821. In 1992 Proctor Patterson Jones authored “Napoleon, An Intimate Account.” In 1999 an English translation of Jean-Paul Kauffmann’s “The Black Room at Longwood: Napoleon’s Exile on St. Helena” was published. In 1904 F. De Bouirrienne published “Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte.” In 1988 S. De Chair edited “Napoleon’s Memoirs.” In 2010 a lock of Napoleon’s hair fetched 140,000 New Zealand dollars ($97,000) at auction.



1821

May 25

Diederich Krug, composer, was born.



1821

Jun 2

Ion Bratianu (Lib), premier of Romania (1876-88), was born.



1821

Jun 19

The Ottomans defeated the Greeks at the Battle of Dragasani.



1821

Jun 21

African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) Church was organized in NYC as a national body. [see Mar 14]



1821

Jun 24

Battle of Carabobo: Bolivar defeated the royalists outside of Caracas.



1821

Jul 2

Charles Tupper, 6th Canadian PM (1896), was born.



1821

Jul 6

Edmund Pettus (d.1907), for whom the civil rights landmark Edmund Pettus Bridge was named, was born in Alabama. He earned his fame as a Confederate brigadier general. Pettus was a lawyer and judge and served throughout the western theater during the Civil War. He resumed his law practice after the war and went on to serve in the U.S. Senate. Pettus died while in his second term in Congress. The Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, became a civil rights landmark when on March 7, 1965, a band of civil rights marchers on their way to Montgomery crossed the bridge, only to be attacked by state troopers on the other side.



1821

Jul 13

Confederate cavalry commander Nathan Bedford Forrest was born in Tennessee’s Bedford County.



1821

Jul 16

Mary Baker Eddy (d.1910), founder of the Christian Science movement (1879), was born.



1821

Jul 17

Spain ceded Florida to the United States. [see Feb 22]



1821

Jul 17

Andrew Jackson became the governor of Florida.



1821

Jul 19

The coronation of George IV of England was held. His wife, Caroline, was refused admittance. She died Aug 7.



1821

Jul 28

Peru declared its independence from Spain. Lima had been the seat of the Spanish viceroys until this time. Jose Francisco de San Martin of Argentina had blockaded Lima and forced the Spanish viceroy to abandon the city. Martin returned to Argentina in 1822



1821

Jul

English captain John Franklin led a party to explore the Barrens in northwest section of Canada’s Hudson Bay. George Back, midshipman, Royal Navy, painted a scene of the Sandstone Rapids on the Arctic Circle of Canada’s Northwest Territories. Of the 20 men in the party to map the northern coast of Canada west of the Hudson Bay, 11 starved and froze to death. Back returned to England and was hailed as “the man who ate his boots.” Twenty-three years later he led a third arctic expedition of 129 men in two ships and all perished.



1821

Aug 4

The 1st edition of Saturday Evening Post was published. It continued until 1969.



1821

Aug 7

Caroline of Brunswick (b.1768), wife of England’s King George IV, died. In 2006 Jane Robins authored “The Trial of Queen Caroline: The Scandalous Affair that Nearly Ended a Monarchy.”



1821

Aug 10

Missouri became the 24th state.



1821

Aug 19

There was a failed liberal coup against French King Louis XVIII.



1821

Aug 23

After 11 years of war, Spain granted Mexican independence as a constitutional monarchy. Spanish Viceroy Juan de O’Donoju signed the Treaty of Cordoba, which approved a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy.



1821

Aug 28

In the city of Puebla a nun served a tri-colored chili dish to the Emperor Agustin de Iturbide, who was on his way home from signing the Treaty of Cordoba, which effectively freed Mexico from Spain. Iturbide, a Creole, had led the suppression of the initial rebellion for independence. He later abdicated, went into exile, returned and was executed. After Iturbide Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna led the country over 11 presidential terms.



1821

Sep 1

William Becknell led a group of traders from Independence, Mo., toward Santa Fe on what would become the Santa Fe Trail.



1821

Sep 10

English captain John Franklin led a party to explore the Barrens in northwest section of Canada’s Hudson Bay. Naturalist John Richards recorded that they found the summer track of a man, where summer last only 8-weeks.



1821

Sep 15

A junta convened by the captain-general in Guatemala declared independence for its provinces Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua San Salvador and Chiapas.



1821

Sep 27

The Mexican Empire declared its independence. Revolutionary forces occupied Mexico City as the Spanish withdraw.



1821

Oct 5

Greek rebels captured Tripolitza, the main Turkish fort in the Peloponnesian area of Greece.



1821

Oct 13

Rudolf Virchow, German politician and anthropologist (cell pathology), was born.



1821

Oct 16

Albert Franz Doppler, composer, was born.



1821

Oct 17

Alexander Gardner, American photographer, was born. He documented the Civil War and the West.



1821

Nov 9

The 1st US pharmacy college held 1st classes in Philadelphia.



1821

Nov 10

Andreas J Romberg (54), German violinist and composer (Der Rabe), died.



1821

Nov 11

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (d.1881), Russian novelist who wrote “The Brothers Karamazov,” was born. “Originality and a feeling of one’s own dignity are achieved only through work and struggle.”



1821

Nov 16

Trader William Becknell reached Santa Fe, N.M., on the route that will become known as the Santa Fe Trail.



1821

Dec 12

Gustave Flaubert (d.1880), French novelist, was born. “Our ignorance of history causes us to slander our own times.” [see May 8, 1880]



1821

Dec 17

Kentucky abolished debtor’s prisons.



1821

Dec 25

Clara Barton (d.1912), the founder of the American Red Cross, was born in North Oxford, Massachusetts. She worked as a volunteer nurse during the Civil War, distributing food and medical supplies to troops and earning herself the label “Angel of the Battlefield.” She later served alongside the International Red Cross in Europe–however, she could not work directly with the organization because she was a woman. In 1882 she formed an American branch of the Red Cross. Barton lobbied for the Geneva Convention and she expanded the mission of the Red Cross to include helping victims of peacetime disasters. Clara Barton died at her home in Glen Echo, Maryland, on April 12, 1912, when she was 90 years old.



1821

Dec 28

Gioacchino Rossini moved to Bologna.



1821



200 working-class women in Philadelphia establish the Daughters of Africa mutual benefit society.



1821



A Greek War of Independence is begun against Turkey.



1821



A new British census shows that women outnumber men and live longer.



1821



Austria is authorized by the Congress of Laibach to put down a Neapolitan revolt.



1821



Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel dies suddenly at the age of 53 after suffering years of her husband George IV’s efforts to vilify, humiliate and persecute her throughout their marriage. She leaves instructions that her epithet should read: “Here lies Caroline, the injured Queen of England.” George, who is now heavily involved with his mistress, Mrs. Fitzherbert, refuses to allow homage to be paid to the late queen and swears that Caroline’s funeral cortege will not be allowed to pass through the London streets, even if he has to call out troops to stop it.



1821



John Constable paints The Haywain.



1821



Persia and Turkey are at war.



1821



Peru and Mexico both claim independence.



1821



Sophia Woodhouse, an inventor, is awarded a US patent to use different varieties of grass, such as redtop and spear grass which grow along riverbanks, to make bonnets.



1821



The Emma Willard School begins in the Troy Female Seminary at Troy, N.Y., offering to women the study equivalent of courses offered at many of the best men’s high schools and some men’s colleges. Ms. Willard will prove that young women can master subjects such as mathematics and philosophy without losing their charm, wit and health as had previously been thought by so-called “learned” men.



1821



Faraday demonstrates electro-magnetic rotation, the principle of the electric motor.



1821



The stability for Europe sought at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 is coming undone. Following Serb rebellions against Ottoman rule in previous years, the Greeks in March rise simultaneously against Ottoman rule, including in Macedonia, Crete and Cyprus. The Turks respond by hanging the Patriarch of Constantinople, Gregorios V. The Greeks liberate the Peloponnesian Peninsula in September. There, in the city of Tripolitsa, a center of Turkish authority, Muslims in the thousands are massacred for three days and nights.



1821



Napoleon Bonaparte dies at the age of fifty-one under British authority on the island of St. Helena, the reported cause: stomach cancer. The English poet, John Keats, dies of tuberculosis at the age of twenty-six.



1821



A treaty is signed between the United States and the declining power of  Spain. The U.S. buys Florida for 5 million dollars, money the U.S. government gives to U.S. citizens with claims against Spain. Spain receives an established line separating the U.S. from its territory in North America.



1821



Caracas falls to Bolivar’s force. Venezuela is now free of Spanish rule. Peru and Mexico declare independence. In Guatemala independence is declared for its provinces: Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, San Salvador and Chiapas.



1821



Michael Faraday, son of a blacksmith, has overcome the conceit of aristocrats and, as a scientist, has been promoted in Britain’s Royal Institution. His interest in a unified force in nature and work in electro-magnetism produces the foundation for electric motors and contributes to what will be “field theory” in modern physics, which includes its most basic formula: E=MC2.



1821



In California Esteban Munras, engaged by Friar Juan Francisco Martin, arrived at Mission San Miguel and supervised the interior decorations of the new church. Munras, an artist trained by the Spanish, designed murals for the new church.



1821



Owen Chase, the first mate, ghost-wrote the “Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the White-Whale ship Essex.” The story inspired Herman Melville’s “Moby Dick.” In 2000 Nathaniel Philbrick authored “In the Heart of the Sea,” a complete investigation into the Nantucket whaler’s story and “the taboo of gastronomic incest.”



1821



Thomas Jefferson wrote his autobiography.



1821



Stefano Cavaletti, Italian tuner and craftsman, left a note on the snaggle-toothed spinet that he tuned for the young Verdi, free of charge due to Verdi’s talent.



1821



An independent institution for the instruction of Lutheran and reformed theologies was established at the Univ. of Vienna.



1821



In the US Emma Willard started the first secondary school for girls in Troy, N.Y.



1821



John Quincy Adams, Sec. of State, wrote: “America does not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion only of her own.”



1821



Tucson raised the Mexican flag after the Revolution in Mexico.



1821



In the US south Denmark Vessey mounted a slave rebellion.



1821



John (Cameron) Gilroy of Scotland married Maria Clara Ortega, the 13-year-old granddaughter of Jose Francis Ortega, a member of the “Sacred Expedition” of 1769. They lived in San Ysidro. The town of Gilroy, Ca., is named after John Gilroy.



1821



Ignaz Venetz-Sitten, Swiss civil engineer, recognized the continent covering scale of the Pleistocene glaciers.



1821



Thomas Johann Seebeck (1770-1831), Estonia-born German physicist, discovered that applying a temperature difference across two adjoined metals would give rise to a small voltage. This came to be called the Seebeck effect.



1821



The 1st alphabet for Hawaiians was prepared by Christians missionaries. The letters of the alphabet were a,e,h,i,k,l,m,n,o,p,u,w.



1821



Amherst College was founded in Amherst, Mass.



1821



The Boston English High School, the first US public high school, held its opening classes.



1821



One hunter in 12 months shot 18,000 migrating golden plover for the dinner table.



1821



William Playfair, Scottish engineer, political economist and scoundrel, published a visual chart that displayed the “weekly wages of a good mechanic” along with the price of a “quarter of wheat” with the reigns of monarchs displayed along the top.



1821



Anita Ribeiro (d.1849), later wife of Italian revolutionary Garibaldi, was born in Laguna Brazil.



1821



Guatemala established independence



1821



Mexican rule began over the New Mexico territory.



1821



Ignatz Venetz, Swiss civil engineer, presented a paper titled “Temperature Variation in the Swiss Alps” to the Helvetic Society of Natural Sciences, in which he described retreating ice glaciers and acknowledged Jean-Pierre Perraudin, a hunter and mountain guide, as the originator of the idea that a glacier had once occupied the full length of the Val de Bagnes. In 1833 Jean de Charpentier (1786-1855), a German-Swiss geologist, arranged to have the paper published.



1821-1823



In Iceland the Eyjafjallajokull volcano erupted over this period.



1821-1846



Mexico ruled over California with a series of 12 governors. During part of this time Gen’l. Jose Castro commanded all of the Spanish forces in California and was an active opponent of US rule in 1846.



1821-1858



Elisa Rachel Felix, French actress, died of tuberculosis. She introduced a new voicing into French theater in part due to her physical condition.



1821-1881



Henri Frederic Amiel, Swiss critic: “The man who has no inner life is the slave of his surroundings.”



1821-1894



Hermann Helmholtz, German physician turned physicist, a leader in energetics who helped establish the principle of the conservation of energy along with Kelvin.



1821-1924



Thirty-three million people arrive into the US in this period.