A Regency Era Timeline 1819 in progress

Timeline

Each time I start a year, I have already compiled a list, months ago with about 6000 entered of what happened from 1788 to 1837. My first step now (It took several trials to get this down to a science) is to cut out the specific year I will work on and paste it into its own spreadsheet to work with. When I worked on the entire spreadsheet, sometimes inserting a line, with all the graphics I had begun to place, took a long time. Working on each year alone, is a lot faster.

With the year separated out, I now turn to my book sources,

The Timetables of History by Grun and Stein

Chronology of CULTURE by Paxton and Fairfield

What Happened When by Carruth.

, History of the World. A beautiful Dorling Kindersley book.

I now and diligently look through each of these to find entries that I did not come across on the internet, and other printed lists. It is possible that there are places that have more listings for each year. I have not found them. And when you go to the Timelines at the Regency Assembly Press page, there you will see all the graphical references as well. Something that I did not find anywhere else.

Here is the start of 1819:

Year

Month Day

Event



1819

Jan 17

Simon Bolivar the “liberator” proclaimed Colombia a republic.



1819

Feb 8

John Ruskin (d.1900), writer, critic, artist, Gothic Revivalist (Pre-Raphaelite), was born. His work included “Modern Painter” and “The Stones of Venice.”



1819

Feb 9

Lydia E. Pinkham, patent-medicine maker and entrepreneur, was born.



1819

Feb 14

Christopher Latham Sholes, inventor of the first practical typewriter, was born.



1819

Feb 22

James Russell Lowell (d.1891), American essayist, poet, critic, diplomat, abolitionist, was born: “He who is firmly seated in authority soon learns to think security, and not progress, the highest lesson of statecraft.”



1819

Feb 22

Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty with the United States ceding eastern Florida. Spanish minister Do Luis de Onis and U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams signed the Florida Purchase Treaty, in which Spain agrees to cede the remainder of its old province of Florida. Spain renounced claims to Oregon Country. [see 1821]



1819

Mar 2

Territory of Arkansas was organized. [see Jul 4]



1819

Mar 2

US passed its 1st immigration law.



1819

Mar 3

An Act to protect the commerce of the United States and punish the crime of piracy became a federal statute. It was amended in 1820 to declare the slave trade and robbing a ship to be piracy as well. The last execution for piracy in the United States was of slave trader Nathaniel Gordon in 1862 under the amended act.



1819

Mar 3

The Civilization Fund Act was created by the United States legislature to encourage activities of benevolent societies in providing education for Native Americans and also authorized an annuity to stimulate the “civilization process.”



1819

Mar 6

The US Supreme Court ruled in McCulloch v. Maryland that the state could not impose a tax on the notes of banks not chartered in the state. Luther Martin represented Maryland in the landmark case.



1819

Mar 26

Louise Otto, German feminist author, was born.



1819

Mar 29

Edwin Drake (d.1890), the man who drilled the first productive oil well (1859), was born.



1819

Mar 29

Isaac Mayer Wise, rabbi, founder (American Hebrew Congregations), was born.



1819

Mar 29

Edwin Drake, the man who drilled the first productive oil well, was born.



1819

Apr 14

Charles Halle, pianist, conductor, founder (Halle Orch), was born.



1819

Apr 18

Franz von Suppa, composer (Light Cavalry Overture), was born in Spalato, Dalmatia.



1819

Apr 19

The USS Alabama and Louisiana destroyed a pirate base at the Patterson’s Town Raid on Breton Island, Louisiana.



1819

Apr 26

The first Odd Fellow lodge (Independent Order of Odd Fellows or IOOF) was established in the U.S. in Baltimore, Md. They started in Great Britain with the purpose: “to relieve the brethren, bury the dead, and care for the widow and orphan.”



1819

24-May

May 24 – The future Queen Victoria is born and shortly becomes the heir apparent.



1819

May 15

Thomas Leonidas Crittenden, Major General (Union volunteers), was born.



1819

May 21

The 1st bicycles (swift walkers) in US were introduced in NYC.



1819

May 23

Bolivar’s revolutionary commanders met in the deserted village of Setenta, Venezuela, and planned a march across the Andes to attack Spanish forces in New Granada (Colombia).



1819

May 24

Queen Victoria (d.1901) was born in London. Her reign (1836-1901) restored dignity to the British crown. She had nine children. “Great events make me quiet and calm; it is only trifles that irritate my nerves.”



1819

May 26

The first steam-propelled vessel to attempt a trans-Atlantic crossing, the 350-ton Savannah, departed from Savannah, Ga., May 26 and arrived in Liverpool, England, Jun 20. [HNQ set May 24 for the departure]



1819

May 27

Julia Ward Howe, writer of the “Battle Hymn of the Republic,” was born.



1819

May 31

Poet Walt Whitman (d.1892) was born in West Hill, N.Y. He became America’s national poet with vibrant works such as 1855’s Leaves of Grass. He poems included: “When Lilacs Last in the Doorway Bloomed.” Some of Whitman’s poems were inspired by his Civil War experience as a hospital volunteer in Washington. Although a staunch supporter of the Union cause, Whitman comforted dying soldiers of both sides, as described in one of the poet’s wartime newspaper dispatches: “I stayed a long time by the bedside of a new patient…. In an adjoining ward I found his brother…It was in the same battle both were hit. One was a strong Unionist, the other Secesh; both fought for their respective sides, both badly wounded, and both brought together after a separation of four years. Each died for his cause.”



1819

May

May: Princess Victoria (later to reign as Queen Victoria) is born to the Duke and Duchess of Kent.



1819

Jun 10

J.D. Gustave Courbet (d.1877), French realist painter (Demoiselles the la Seine), was born. His realistic landscapes were marked by bold shadows and compositions fragmented by the play of natural light. This technique was pursued more fully by the impressionists. His work included “Rock at HautePierre.”



1819

Jun 20

Jacques Offenbach (d.1880), French composer (Tales of Hoffmann), was born in Cologne. His work included the comedy opera “Barbe-Bleue” (Blue Beard).



1819

Jun 20

The paddle-wheel steamship Savannah arrives in Liverpool, England, after a voyage of 27 days and 11 hours–the first steamship to successfully cross the Atlantic.



1819

Jun 26

Abner Doubleday (d.1893), Civil War General, was born. He was incorrectly credited with inventing American baseball.



1819

Jun 26

The bicycle was patented by W.K. Clarkson, Jr. of New York City. [see May 21]



1819

June

June: The first steamship to cross the Atlantic arrives in Liverpool.



1819

Jul 4

The Territory of Arkansas was created.



1819

Jul 4

William Herschel (1738-1822), German-born English astronomer, made his last telescopic observation of an 1819 comet. His son, Sir John Frederick William Herschel (1792-1871), was also an astronomer.



1819

Jul 9

Elias Howe (d.1867), inventor of the sewing machine, was born in Spencer, Mass. Howe, a machinist, developed his sewing machine in 1843-45 and patented it in 1846. Although Howe’s machine sewed only short, straight lines, tailors and seamstresses saw it as a threat to their jobs. Unable to market his machine in America, Howe took it to Britain where he sold the rights to an English manufacturer in 1847. Upon his return to the United States, Howe discovered that his patent had been infringed upon by other sewing machine manufacturers, such as Isaac Singer. After a lengthy court battle, Howe’s patent was upheld and royalties from sewing machine sales made him a wealthy man.



1819

Jul

Stephen Long joined Gen. Henry Atkinson’s Yellowstone Expedition bound from St. Louis to the Rockies on the steamboat Western Engineer. This was the first steamboat to travel up the Missouri River into the Louisiana Purchase territory. Edwin James, a medical doctor, botanist and ethnologist, also served on the expedition.



1819

July

July: Lord Byron publishes the first two Cantos of Don Juan.



1819

16-Aug

Peterloo Massacre. Princess Alexandrina Victoria (future Queen Victoria) is christened in Kensington Palace. Ivanhoe by Walter Scott is published. Sir Stamford Raffles, a British administrator, founds Singapore. First steam-propelled vessel (The Savannah) crosses the Atlantic and arrives in Liverpool from Savannah, Georgia.



1819

Aug 1

Herman Melville (d.1891), American novelist, author of Moby Dick, was born. In 1996 part one of a 2-part biography was published by Hershel Parker: Herman Melville: 1819-1851. In 1951 Leon Howard wrote a biography. Melville wrote 5 books between 1845-1850. They included “Typee,” “Omoo,” and “White-Jacket.”



1819

Aug 2

The first parachute jump from a balloon was made by Charles Guille in New York City.



1819

Aug 7

South American liberator Simon Bolivar defeated Spanish forces under Gen. Jose Barreiro in New Granada (Colombia) at the Battle of Boyaca. The revolutionary army entered Bogota Aug 10.



1819

Aug 9

William Thomas Green Morton (d.1868), American dentist who 1st used ether on a patient (1846), was born.



1819

Aug 16

English police charged unemployed demonstrators at St. Peter’s Field in the Manchester Massacre. 11 people were killed in the Peterloo massacre. The press responded with a volley of attacks that included “The Political House that Jack Built” by William Hone and illustrator George Cruikshank.



1819

Aug 23

Oliver Hazard Perry, naval hero, died on his 34th birthday.



1819

Aug 25

Allan Pinkerton (d.1884) was born in Glasgow, Scotland. He fled Scotland in 1842 to avoid capture for his involvement with the revolutionary group called the Chartists. He later founded a Chicago detective agency and worked as Abe Lincoln’s bodyguard.



1819

Aug 25

Scotsman James Watt (b.1736), Scottish inventor, died. His 1775 improved steam engine advanced coal mining and made the Industrial Revolution possible.



1819

Aug 26

Albert “Bertie” von Saxon-Coburg-Gotha (d.1861), husband of queen Victoria, was born at Schloss Rosenau, near Coburg, Bavaria.



1819

Aug 31

A naval battle took place between United States Revenue Cutter Service cutters and one of Jean Lafitte’s pirate ships off southern Florida.



1819

August

August: At what becomes known as the Peterloo Massacre. eleven are killed and over 500 injured when the calvary charges into a large public meeting in St. Peter’s Fields in Manchester, which had been organized to protest the Corn Laws and agitate for radical political reform.



1819

August

August: Radical reformer Henry Hunt, who was supposed to address the St. Peter’s Fields meeitng but never got the chance, is charged along with others with holding an “unlawful and seditious assembling for the purpose of exciting discontent,” found guilty, and is sentenced to 2½ years’ imprisonment



1819

Sep 6

William Starke Rosecrans, Maj. General (Union volunteers), was born.



1819

Sep 6

Thomas Blanchard (b.1788) patented the lathe.



1819

Sep 13

Clara Josephine Schumann, [nee Wieck], pianist and composer, was born in Leipzig, Germ.



1819

Sep 16

Dr. John Jeffries, who crossed the English Channel (1785) with Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard for the first time in a hydrogen balloon, died in Boston.



1819

Sep 17

Jean-Bernard-Leon Foucault, physicist (pendulum proved Earth rotates), was born. [see Sep 18]



1819

Sep 18

Leon Foucault, French physicist, was born. [see Sep 17]



1819

Oct 6

Willem A. Scholten, Dutch potato flour manufacturer, was born.



1819

Oct 20

Daniel Edgar Sickles (d.1914), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.



1819

Oct 22

The 1st ship passed through Erie Canal (Rome-Utica).



1819

October

October: Richard Carlile, another speaker at the St. Peter’s Fields meeting who had begun publishing a radical newspaper, The Republican, shortly after the Peterloo Massacre, is found guilty of blasphemy and seditious libel and sentenced to 3 years imprisonment. He will continue publishing The Republican from prison.



1819

Nov 22

George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), novelist who wrote “Adam Bede,” was born.



1819

Nov

Nantucket whalers lost their ship to an 80-ton bull sperm whale and attempted to make landfall in 3 boats on the coast of South America. 8 crewmen survived after they consumed 7 of their mates. [see Owen Chase in 1821] 5 men in 2 boats were picked up after 90 days. In 1960 cabin boy Thomas Nickerson wrote an account of the tragedy. In 2000 Nathaniel Philbrick authored “In the Heart of the Sea, The Tragedy of the Whale Ship Essex.”



1819

Dec 14

Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state, making 11 slave states and 11 free states.



1819

December

December: In the wake of the Peterloo Massacre, Parliament passes the Six Acts to prevent further distrubances. They are: the Training Prevention Act (or Unlawful Drilling Act), the Seizure of Arms Act, the Misdemeanors Act, the Seditious Meetings Prevention Act, the Blasphemous and Seditious Libels Act (or Criminal Libel Act), and the Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act.



1819



A customs union (Zollverein) begins in Germany under Prussian influence.



1819



British explorer John Franklin undertakes a new expedition to locate the Northwest Passage on behalf of the Admiralty. The Arctic expedition is poorly prepared, its boats are too heavy to be portaged and too small to hold all the necessary supplies, the sailors know nothing about survival techniques. Most died of starvation, but there was also at least one murder and suggestions of cannibalism. Franklin is one of the few to survive, and he is lionized at home as “the man who ate his boots”



1819



German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer publishes The World as Will and Representation in which he builds upon Kant’s metaphysical system of transcendental idealism and than rejects it in favor jhis own philosophy of the human will as the essense of exerience.



1819



Germany suppresses political activity with its Carlsbad Decrees.



1819



Hawaii’s Kamehameha dies at the age of 82 on May 8. He had ruled for 28 years. His Amazonian favorite wife, Kaahumanu, succeeds him as co-ruler with the new king, a young boy of 22 and his mother Keopuloani. Eventually the new king will rule as Kamehameha II until 1824.



1819



Ivanhoe is published by Walter Scott. It’s heroine, Rebecca, is modeled on Philadelphia philanthropist Rebecca Gratz, who as a young woman had nursed Washington Irving’s dying fiancée.



1819



John Constable paints The White Horse and is elected an Associate of the Royal Academy (though he was not elected to full membership until 1829). .



1819



Portuguese princes Maria Leopoldina gives birth on April 4 to Maria da Glória, who will later rule Portugal as Maria II.



1819



Prime minister Lord Liverpool bolsters Britain’s monetary system by restoring the gold standard.



1819



Raft of the Medusa by Théodore Géricault in 1819 .The monumental painting depicts the aftermath of a shipwreck that occurred in 1816 in which the captain and officers took the life boats and abadoned the rest of the crew to a makeshift raft. Only 15 of the 149 raft passengers survived. The painting is not only an allegorical indictment of a corrupt establishment, but also dramatizes man’s struggle with nature. The classical compositon combined with the turbulent subject marks the painting as a bridge between neo-classicism and romanticism. 




1819



Simón Bolivar, a Latin American revolutionary, gains the independence of Greater Columbia.



1819



Singapore comes under British occupation under Sir Stamford Raffles.



1819



Sir Stamford Raffles, a British administrator, founds Singapore.



1819



Soldiers fire on a political meeting in Manchester, England, killing several people. It becomes known as the Peterloo Massacre.



1819



Spain cedes Florida to the United States.



1819



Stanford Raffles founds Singapore.



1819



The Burlington Arcade opens in London.



1819



The country of Kashmir is conquered by Ranjit Singh, a Sikh leader.



1819



The Peterloo Massacre; cavalry charge unarmed people holding a meeting; eleven people are killed.



1819



The Prado Museum (Museo del Prado) opens in Madrid.



1819



The stethoscope is invented by French physician René-Théophile-Hyacinthe-Laënnec, 38: a roll of paper, it avoids the indelicacy of having the physician place his ear to the bosom of a female patient.



1819



The world’s first eating chocolate to be produced commercially goes on sale at in Switzerland: François-Louis Cailler introduces the first chocolate to be prepared and sold in blocks made by machine. (Until this time, chocolate had primarily been used for beverages.)



1819



Théodore Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa is exhibited at the Paris Salon.



1819



Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe is published.



1819





1819



From August to November, Prinny seeks to divorce Queen Caroline, whom he finds detestable, by having her tried by Parliament.



1819



In England, 60,000 gather in a field and listen to a call for universal suffrage. A magistrate sends a force to arrest the main speaker, Henry Hunt. People riot. Eleven are killed and others injured. A movement for reform gathers strength.



1819



Theodore Chasseriau (d.1856), artist, was born in Semana, Dominican Republic. He was the son of a French diplomat and French-Creole mother.



1819



Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840), German Romantic painter, created his “Two Men Contemplating the Moon.” He painted it as part of a series of 3 (1824,1830). The 3rd had the same title, the 2nd was titled “Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon.”



1819



J.M.W. Turner (44), English artist (1775-1851), visited Venice for the 1st time. He returned in 1833 and 1840. His 1st oil painting with a Venetian setting was done in 1833.



1819



Spain’s Prado opened as the Real Mueso de Pintura y Escultura.



1819



John Vanderlyn depicted the Versailles gardens in a panorama later transferred to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.



1819



Washington Irving published “The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,” which included “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle.”



1819



Johann Wilhelm Klein of Vienna, Austria, published a book on training dogs for the blind.



1819



The opera “La Donna del Lago,” by Gioacchino Antonio Rossini premiered in Naples. It was based on the Walter Scott romance “The lady of the Lake.”



1819



William Jay age 22, English architect, built several fine homes in Savannah, Georgia. These included the Scarbrough House and the Owens-Thomas House.



1819



The American Geological Society was founded at Yale College. The membership included the illustrious Benjamin Silliman  (1779–1864). The Society was short-lived, going out of existence in 1828.



1819



Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) almost single-handedly created the University of Virginia and served as its first president. The university opened for classes in 1825.



1819



Hannibal, Missouri, the small Midwestern city and boyhood home of Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), was settled by Moses Bates on land belonging to Abraham Bird.



1819



In Savannah Chatham Artillery Punch was served to Pres. James Monroe. It was a concoction of Catawba, rum, gin, brandy, rye whiskey, strong tea, brown sugar, Benedictine, juices of oranges and lemons, Maraschino cherries and champagne.



1819



Chief Justice John Marshall in Dartmouth College v. Woodward described the corporation as “an artificial being, invisible, intangible.” Among its properties “are immortality; and if the expression be allowed, individuality.”



1819



In Philadelphia Dr. Thomas W. Dyott, (druggist, patent-medicine vendor, and physician) purchased the Kensington Glass Works. He expanded the business and changed the name to the Dyottville Glass Works. He was forced out of the firm in 1838, but the glassworks continued operating until about 1923.



1819



Caffeine was isolated by this year. Its pure form turned out to be a bitter powder readily soluble in boiling water.



1819



Hans Christian Oersted discovered that an electric current will deflect the needle of a compass pointing to the unity of the electromagnetic force.



1819



In Sidney, Australia, convict labor built the Hyde Park Barracks and the state Parliament.



1819



Johann Baptist von Spix discovered the Spix macaw of Brazil (Cyanopsitta spixii). The last wild Spix macaw disappeared in 2000.



1819



The British burned the Arab port of Ras al Khaymah in response to attacks by Arab “pirate” ships. Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad of the emirate of Sharjah publishes a book in 1987, The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf, claiming the Arabs were defending their native waters.



1819



Bogota became the capital of Colombia.



1819



The government of Egypt formally presented the obelisk of Alexandria as a gift to Great Britain. It was first erected in Heliopolis in 1461 BC. The Romans had moved it to Alexandria in 14BC and it had lain prone since an earthquake soon after 1300.



1819



In Hawaii monarchists defeated traditionalists at the battlefield of Kuamoo. 300 warriors perished along with the old Hawaiian religion.



1819



William Moorcroft, East India Co. head of 5,000 acre horse farm at Pusa, India, set out for Bukhara, Uzbekistan, to trade for horses.



1819



In India a British hunting party discovered the painted caves at Ajanta that dated from c200BC-650AD.



1819



In France a silver soup tureen was manufactured by Jean-Baptiste Claude Odiot. It fetched over a million dollars in a 1997 auction.



1819



Hawaii’s King Kamehameha II abolished the brutal kapu system of laws. Temples and sacred sites associated with the system began to fall into disrepair. Queen Kaahumanu, helped overturn the kapu belief system by sharing a meal with Kamehameha II following the death of King Kamehameha.



1819



Russia declared Odessa to be a free port.



1819



Singapore was declared a free port after it was taken over by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, an officer of the British East India Co. Sultan Hussein was enthroned by the British but he never ruled. Raffles laid out the city into ethnic zones.



1819-1820



The James Long Expedition was an attempt to take control of Spanish Texas. Long successfully established a small independent government, known as the Republic of Texas (distinct from the later Republic of Texas created by the Texas Revolution). The expedition crumbled later in the year, as Spanish troops drove the invaders out. Long returned to Texas in 1820 and attempted to reestablish his control.



1819-1861



Prince Albert of Britain, consort to Queen Victoria.



1819-1880



George Eliot, English writer, was driven out of England with her companion, G.H. Lewes, for a while for not being married. Her books tore away the curtain of Victorian life and revealed its bitter small-mindedness for anyone to see. “The happiest women, like the happiest nations, have no history.”



1819-1891



Donn Piatt, American journalist: “There is no tyranny so despotic as that of public opinion among a free people.”



1819-1898



Theodor Fontane, German author: “Happiness, it seems to me, consists of two things: first, in being where you belong, and second — and best — in comfortably going through everyday life, that is, having had a good night’s sleep and not being hurt by new shoes.” His work included practical hiking guides to Brandenburg, poetry theater criticism, foreign correspondence and novels. His novels included “Effi Briest” and “L’Adultera.” In 1998 a biography by Gordon Craig was scheduled to be published.



1819-1910



Julia Ward Howe, US writer and reformer. She wrote “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.”