A Regency Era Timeline 1816 in progress

Timeline

Each time I start a year, I have already compiled a list, months ago with about 6000 entered of what happened from 1788 to 1837. My first step now (It took several trials to get this down to a science) is to cut out the specific year I will work on and paste it into its own spreadsheet to work with. When I worked on the entire spreadsheet, sometimes inserting a line, with all the graphics I had begun to place, took a long time. Working on each year alone, is a lot faster.

With the year separated out, I now turn to my book sources,

The Timetables of History by Grun and Stein

Chronology of CULTURE by Paxton and Fairfield

What Happened When by Carruth.

, History of the World. A beautiful Dorling Kindersley book.

I now and diligently look through each of these to find entries that I did not come across on the internet, and other printed lists. It is possible that there are places that have more listings for each year. I have not found them. And when you go to the Timelines at the Regency Assembly Press page, there you will see all the graphical references as well. Something that I did not find anywhere else.

Here is the start of 1816:

Year

Month Day

Event



1816

Jan 12

France decreed the Bonaparte family to be excluded from the country forever.



1816

January

January: Lord Byron’s wife leaves him, taking their infant daughter Ada with her.



1816

January

January: Napoleon’s carriage, captured at Waterloo, is displayed at Bullock’s Museum in London.



1816

Feb 5

Gioachino Rossini’s Opera “Barber of Seville” premiered in Rome.



1816

Feb 13-14

Teatro San Carlo in Naples was destroyed by fire.



1816

February

February: Rossini debuts “Il Barbiere di Siviglia” (“The Barber of Seville”) in Rome where it is badly received with much hissing and booing from the audience. The second performance was a rousing success.



1816

Mar 6

Jews were expelled from Free city of Lubeck, Germany.



1816

Mar 20

the U.S. Supreme Court, in Martin vs. Hunter’s Lessee, affirmed its right to review state court decisions.



1816

Mar 31

Francis Asbury (b.1745), English-born US itinerant Methodist minister, died in Virginia.



1816

Apr 21

Charlotte Bronte (d.1855), English novelist, writer of “Vilette” and “Jane Eyre,” was born in Thornton, England. “Better to be without logic than without feeling.” In 1999 Brian Wilks published “Charlotte in Love: The Courtship and Marriage of Charlotte Bronte.”



1816

May 12

Lord Grimthorpe was born. He was the designer of “Big Ben,” the most recognized structure in London.



1816

May 24

Emanuel Leutze, US painter, was born. His work included  “Washington Crossing the Delaware” (1851).



1816

May

May: England’s Princess Charlotte marries Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg.



1816

May

May: George “Beau” Brummell leaves England to escape his creditors, never to return.



1816

May

May: In the wake of rumors of marital violence, sodomy, incest, and adultery, Lord Byron leaves England, never to return.



1816

Jun 6

There was a 10″ snowfall in New England in this “year without a summer”. The oceanographer Henry Stommel and his wife Elizabeth described this year in their (1983) book “Volcano Weather: The Story of 1816, The year Without a Summer.” The 1815 eruption of Mt. Tambora lofted a cloud of ash that turned this summer into a virtual winter with snow in Europe and New England.



1816

June

June: Luddites make well-organized efforts to smash machinery in riots at several industrial centers in England.



1816

Jul 3

Dorothea Jordan (65), French actress, mistress (William IV), died.



1816

Jul 6

Philipp Meissner (67), composer, died.



1816

Jul 9

Argentina declared independence from Spain. Argentina assumed that the Malvina Islands were included.



1816

Jul 11

Gas Light Co. of Baltimore was founded.



1816

Jul 21

Paul Julius Baron von Reuter (d.1899), founder of the British news agency bearing his name, was born in Hesse, Germany, as Israel Beer Josaphat.



1816

Jul 27

US troops destroyed the Seminole Fort Apalachicola, to punish the Indians for harboring runaway slaves.



1816

Jul 31

George Henry Thomas (d.1870), Union general in the Civil War whose bravery at the battle of Chickamauga earned him the nickname “the Rock of Chickamauga,” was born.



1816

July

July: Argentina declares independence from Spain.



1816

July

July: Playwright and stateman Richard Brinsley Sheridan dies at age 64 .



1816

July

July:Dorothea Jordan, actress and long-time mistress to the Duke of Clarence (future King William IV), dies at age 54.



1816

Aug 14

Great Britain annexed Tristan da Cunha.



1816

Aug 24

Daniel Gooch, laid 1st successful transatlantic cables, was born.



1816

Aug 27

Admiral Sir Edward Pellew, a noble from Devon, England, bombed Algiers, a refuge for Barbary pirates. He flew the green, white and black flag of St. Petroc. In 1836 the battle was pictured in a painting by George Chambers, Senior. Pellew was subsequently named Lord Exmouth.



1816

August

August: Britain returns Java to the Netherlands.



1816

Sep 5

Louis XVIII of France dissolved the chamber of deputies, which had been challenging his authority.



1816

Sep 12

Russian agents commenced construction of a Western-style fortress commanding Waimea Bay on the island of Kauai, named Fort Elizabeth after the Russian czarina. Before the fort was completed, Hawaiian King Kamehameha acted to force the Russians out. The Hawaiians finished construction of the fort and renamed it Fort Hipo.



1816

Oct 7

The 1st double decked steamboat, Washington, arrived in New Orleans.



1816

Nov 3

Jubal Anderson Early (d.1891), Lt. General (Confederate Army), was born.



1816

November-December

November-December: Mass meetings organized by radical Spenceans (named after radical Thomas Spence) descend into the Spa Fields Riots.



1816

Dec 2

The first savings bank in the United States, the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, opened for business.



1816

Dec 4

James Monroe of Virginia was elected the fifth president of the United States. He defeated Federalist Rufus King.



1816

Dec 10

The estranged wife of poet Percy Shelley committed suicide by drowning in London’s Hyde Park. 20 days later Percy married Mary Godwin, author of “Frankenstein” (1818).



1816

Dec 11

Indiana became the 19th state.



1816

Dec 13

E. Werner von Siemens, German artillery officer and inventor, was born.



1816

Dec 13

Patent for a dry dock was issued to John Adamson in Boston.



1816

Dec

Henry “Orator” Hunt made a speech in Spa fields in East London which was disrupted by a group of revolutionaries who murdered a gunsmith plundered his shop. They then set off for London, but the insurrection was quickly put down.



1816

December

December: Poet Percy Bysshe Shelley marries Mary Godwin (daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin), shortly after his first wife commits suicide by drowning in the Serpentine.



1816



A gold medal is awarded to French mathematician Sophie Germain, 40, by the Académie Française; she was previously denied the award twice before because of her sex. She is the first woman ever invited to attend sessions at the prestigious Institut de Paris.



1816



Caroline, Princess of Wales, is now traveling through Greece, Ephesus, and Jerusalem while the Prince Regent is at home enjoying his mistresses.



1816



Cold weather persists throughout the summer of 1816 in much of the world’s temperate zones creating the “year without a summer,” especially in North Amerca. The unusual climate is likely due to a major volcanic eruption in Indonesia, and inspires Lord Byron’s poem “Darkness.”



1816



Emma is published by Jane Austen.



1816



Jane Austen’s Emma is published.



1816



Joanne Bethune, a schoolteacher in New York, founds The Female Union Society for the Promotion of Sabbath-Schools.



1816



Lady Caroline Lamb publishes the novel Glenarvon anonymously.



1816



Lord Byron publishes several important poems this year, including “The Siege of Corinth,” “The Prisoner of Chillon,” and “Prometheus.”



1816



Percy Bysshe Shelley writes Hymn To Intellectual Beauty.



1816



Poet Thomas Love Peacock publishes his first novel Headlong Hall.



1816



Samuel Taylor Coleridge publishes the poem “Kubla Khan” (though he claims to have first written it in 1797).



1816



The British Museum purchases the Elgin marbles for £35,000 and they become a permanent display.



1816



The governor of New South Wales, Lachian Macquarie, grants to Elizabeth Macarthur and her husband John, 600 acres near Camden as recognition of her work toward improvement of agriculture in the Australian colony.



1816



The income tax is abolished in Britain (it will be reintroduced in 1842).



1816



Year Without a Summer: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely caused by the 1815 explosion of Mount Tambora.



1816



Income tax abolished. A “year without a summer” follows a volcanic eruption in Indonesia. Mary Shelley writes Frankenstein. William Cobbett publishes his newspaper as a pamphlet. The British return Indonesia to the Dutch. Regent’s Canal, London, phase one of construction. Beau Brummell escapes his creditors by fleeing to France.



1816



George “Beau” Brummell, the man who had once decreed the aristocracy’s fashions, flees England to escape creditors.



1816



No longer society’s darling, Lord Byron also leaves England never to return alive.



1816



In France, the income of working people in terms of what it buys (real wages) begins a four-decade decline. 



1816



Because of the Tambora eruption, 1816 will be known with the year without a summer.” Amid the gloom in Britain, Mary Shelley writes a scary story: “Frankenstein.”



1816



The British return to the Dutch their empire in Indonesia.



1816



Spain’s military drives Simón Bolivar from New Grenada. Bolivar flees to Jamaica and then to Haiti.



1816



Jacques Louis David (1748-1825) painted the portrait: “Comte Henri-Amedee de Turenne”.



1816



Caspar David Friedrich, German romantic artist, painted “View of a Harbor.” It was soon purchased by Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia as a birthday present for the crown prince.



1816



William Smith published his “Strata identified by Organized Fossils.”



1816



William Cullen Bryant, James Fennimore Cooper, and Washington Irving were popular writers of this period.



1816



Robert Adams, the 1st Westerner to reach Timbuktu, transcribed an account of his experiences there as an enslaved American sailor.



1816



Jane Austin completed her last novel, “Persuasion.” In 1995 it was made into a film by a British company.



1816



Gioachino Rossini composed his opera “Otello.”



1816



The American Bible Society was founded. The first president was Elias Boudinot. He was succeeded by his vice president John Jay. In 1998 its library had 53,000 copies of the Bible in over 2,000 languages and dialects.



1816



Elijah Goodridge of Newbury, Massachusetts, was tried for committing robbery on his own person and then having Ebenezer Pearson arrested for the crime.



1816



The US passed the first tariff to protect its industries.



1816



The Second Bank of the US was chartered. It over-lent wildly and then called in its money sparking financial panic. Pres. Jackson ended its special status in 1836.



1816



Indiana was admitted to the Union.



1816



Pittsburgh was incorporated on the site of old Fort Pitt.



1816



Medical records from upstate NY showed that a patient paid 25 cents to have a tooth pulled and $1.25 to have a baby.



1816



Henry Hall, a Cape Cod farmer, discovered that sand spread over wild cranberry plants induced good growth.



1816



The California poppy was correctly described and named by Adelbert von Chamisso, a native Frenchmen driven to Germany by the revolution. He was appointed naturalist with the Russian scientific and trapping voyage of Kotzebue and developed an intimate relationship with the ship’s surgeon, Dr. Johann Frederich Eschscholtz, for whom he named the San Francisco poppy, Eschscholzia californica. [see 1792,1794, 1825-1833]



1816



Gouverneur Morris (b.1752), chief writer of the US Constitution (1787), died at Morrisania, NY. In 2003 Richard Brookhiser authored “Gentleman Revolutionary,” a biography of Morris.



1816



In London, England, William Cobbett brought out twopenny version of his Weekly Political Register on a single sheet of paper to avoid the stamp duty.



1816



Robert Stirling, British clergyman, proposed a sealed heated air engine to compete with the ubiquitous steam engine. His Stirling engine converted heat into mechanical energy by compressing and expanding a fixed quantity of gas.



1816



Beau Brummell, English dandy, first sought obscurity to escape his creditors.



1816



Lord Byron (George Gordon), English romantic poet, separated from his wife Annabella (d.1860) following an incestuous relationship with his half-sister Augusta Leigh (d.1851). In 2002 David Crane authored “The Kindness of Sisters: Annabella Milbanke and the Destruction of the Byrons.”



1816



Lord Byron and guests gathered at the Villa Diodati on Lake Geneva, Switz. It was here that Byron challenged his guests to write a ghost story. This led Mary Shelley to produce Frankenstein in 1818 and John Polidori to create his short story “The Vampyre” (1819).



1816



Lord Elgin sold his Parthenon sculptures to the British government for 35,000 pounds. A request in 1811 for 62,400 pounds had been rejected. Elgin later fled to France to avoid his creditors.



1816



Two British naval ships under Captain Basil Hall landed at Okinawa, in the Ryukyu archipelago, which was then known as Loo-Choo. In 1818 Hall published an account of his voyage: “Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the Great Loo-Choo Island.”



1816



General A.P.Yermolov served as Commander of the Russian army in the Caucasus. Military pressure intensifies as Russian troops continue to advance deep into Chechnya. Chechnya responded by stepping up its resistance movement, which, for more than 30 years, was headed by Beibulat Teimiev.



1816



In France Dr. Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec invented the stethoscope.



1816



In France  Joseph N. Niepce developed the first photographic negative. His earliest recorded image, an 1825 print of a man leading a horse, sold for $443,220 in 2002.



1816



In Germany Johann Maelzel patented the metronome a couple of years after it was drawn up by Dutch inventor Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel.



1816



Saartjie Baartman (26), taken from S. Africa in 1810, fell sick and died penniless and friendless in France after being exhibited as the “Hottentot Venus.” Her body was dissected, her brain and genitals were bottled, and her skeleton was wired and exhibited in the Musee de l’Homme in Paris. In 2002 her remains were returned to S. Africa. In 2003 Barbara Chase-Ribaud authored the novel “Hottentot Venus” based on the Baartman story. In 2007 Rachel Holmes authored “African Queen: The Real Life of the Hottentot Venus.”



1816



Mohammed Ali Pasha, Ottoman ruler over Egypt, sent Fredric Cailliaud, a French goldsmith and mineralogist, to find the Roman emerald mines of southeastern Egypt.



1816-1841



Ellen Sturgis Hooper, American poet: “I slept, and dreamed that life was Beauty; I woke, and found that life was Duty.”



1816-1865



C.J. Thomsen, curator during these years of the Museum of Northern Antiquities (later the Danish National Museum), formulates the three age system, from stone to bronze to iron. He was probably helped in his ideas by the work of Goguet.



1816-1876



Saunders Cushman, American actress: “To me it seems as if when God conceived the world, that was Poetry; He formed it, and that was Sculpture; He colored it, and that was Painting; He peopled it with living beings, and that was the grand, divine, eternal Drama.”