A Regency Era Timeline 1814 in progress

Timeline

Each time I start a year, I have already compiled a list, months ago with about 6000 entered of what happened from 1788 to 1837. My first step now (It took several trials to get this down to a science) is to cut out the specific year I will work on and paste it into its own spreadsheet to work with. When I worked on the entire spreadsheet, sometimes inserting a line, with all the graphics I had begun to place, took a long time. Working on each year alone, is a lot faster.

With the year separated out, I now turn to my book sources,

The Timetables of History by Grun and Stein

Chronology of CULTURE by Paxton and Fairfield

What Happened When by Carruth.

, History of the World. A beautiful Dorling Kindersley book.

I now and diligently look through each of these to find entries that I did not come across on the internet, and other printed lists. It is possible that there are places that have more listings for each year. I have not found them. And when you go to the Timelines at the Regency Assembly Press page, there you will see all the graphical references as well. Something that I did not find anywhere else.

Here is the start of 1814:

Year

Month Day

Event



1814

Jan 2

Lord Byron completed “The Corsair.”



1814

Jan 27

Johann Gottlieb Fichte (b.1762), German philosopher, died.



1814

January

January: Edmund Kean performs for the first time at Drury Lane, in the role of Shylock, and was an immediate success.



1814

January

January: Lord Byron publishes The Corsair, which sells 10,000 copies on the first day.



1814

January

January: Phillip Astley, proprieter of Astley’s Amphitheatre who is recognized as the “father of the modern circus,” dies at age 72.



1814

Feb 9

Samuel Jones Tilden, philanthropist, was born.



1814

Feb 10

Napoleon personally directed lightning strikes against enemy columns advancing toward Paris, beginning with a victory over the Russians at Champaubert. During the Napoleonic Wars a British naval officer proposed the use of saturation bombing and chemical warfare to undermine the strength of Emperor Napoleon.



1814

Feb 21

Nicolo Gabrielli, composer, was born.



1814

Feb 27

Ludwig von Beethoven’s 8th Symphony in F, premiered.



1814

Feb 27

Napoleon’s Marshal Nicholas Oudinot was pushed back at Barsur-Aube by the Emperor’s allied enemies shortly before his abdication.



1814

Feb

A man claiming to be an aide-de-camp to the armies fighting Napoleon landed in Dover and claimed that Cossacks had butchered Napoleon and that Paris had fallen. Stock prices soared and conspirators sold shares at a 15% profit before the fraud was unmasked.



1814

Febraury

Febraury: A Frost Fair on the Thames takes place when the river freezes. This will be the last frost fair ever, as milder climates and increased embanking make the river less likely to freeze.



1814

February

February: Beethoven premiers his Eighth Symphony (Symphony No. 8 in F Major, Opus 93) in Vienna.



1814

Mar 10

Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by a combined Allied Army at the battle of Laon, in France.



1814

Mar 27

General Jackson led U.S. soldiers who killed 700 Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend, La. [in Northern Alabama] Jackson lost 49 men. In 2001 John Buchanon authored “Jackson’s Way” and Robert V. Remini authored “Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars.”



1814

Mar 29

In the Battle at Horseshoe Bend, Alabama, Andrew Jackson beat the Creek Indians. [see Mar 27]



1814

Mar 30

Britain and allies marched into Paris after defeating Napoleon.



1814

Mar 31

Forces allied against Napoleon captured Paris.



1814

March

March: The Allied armies of Russia and Prussia enter Paris.



1814

March

March: The Duchess of Oldenburgh, sister of the Tsar, enters London in great state. A grand banquet is held in her honor at Carlton House.



1814

Apr 2

Henry Lewis “Old Rock” Benning, Brig General in Confederate Army, was born.



1814

Apr 4

Napoleon Bonaparte first abdicated at Fontainebleau. He was allowed to keep the title of emperor. [see Apr 11]



1814

Apr 11

Napoleon Bonaparte (45) abdicated at Fontainebleau a 2nd time and was banished to the island of Elba, a small island in the Mediterranean, retaining the title of emperor and 400 volunteers to act as his guard. He was granted sovereignty over Elba and a pension from the French government. [see Apr 6]



1814

Apr 15

John Lothrop Motley, US historian, author (Rise of Dutch Rep), was born.



1814

Apr 20

Napoleon departed for exile in Elba.



1814

Apr 26

King Louis XVIII landed on Calais from England.



1814

Apr

The Duke of Wellington led 60,000 troops against 325,000 French troops at Toulouse and defeated them just days after Napoleon abdicated the throne.



1814

April

April: Napoleon abdicates in favor of his 2-year old son, Napoleon II, but the Allies refuse to accept him.



1814

April

April: The Battle of Toulouse is one of the final battles of the Napoleonic Wars, fought four days after Napoleon’s surrender of the French Empire to the Coalition nations. News of the wars’ end has yet to reach the south of France, and so thousands of British, Spanish, and Portuguese soldiers, under the command of Wellington, and French soldiers under Soult’s command, die in the battle unnecessarily.



1814

April

April: The Bourbon monarchy is restored in France under King Louis XVIII.



1814

April

In April, Napoleon is banished to Elba and an estimated 12,000 British civilians flock to Paris to play.



1814

May 4

Napoleon Bonaparte disembarked at Portoferraio on the island of Elba in the Mediterranean.



1814

May 4

Bourbon reign was restored in France. Louis XVIII was crowned as successor to his guillotined brother.



1814

May 5

The British attacked Ft. Ontario, Oswego, New York.



1814

May 6

Wilhelm Ernst, violinist, composer, was born.



1814

May 6

George Joseph Vogler (64), composer, died.



1814

May 11

Americans defeated the British at Battle of Plattsburgh.



1814

May 12

Robert Treat Paine (83), US judge (signed Declaration of Ind), died.



1814

May 17

Norway’s constitution was signed, providing for a limited monarchy. Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden.



1814

May 29

Empress Josephine (1804-14), first wife of Napoleon Bonaparte, died. She maintained grand roses at Malmaison, where there were an estimated 250 varieties.



1814

May 30

The First Treaty of Paris was declared, after Napoleon’s first abdication. It returned France to its 1792 borders and secured for the British definite possession of the Cape of Good Hope.



1814

May

May: Joséphine de Beauharnais, former wife of Napoleon and first empress of France, dies at age 50.



1814

May

May: Marquess of Wellington is made Duke of Wellington.



1814

May

May: The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the wars between France and the Coalition nations, restoring the 1792 border of France, and exiling Napoleon to the island of Elba.



1814

Jun 1

Philip Kearney, Union Civil War general, was born. He was killed at the Battle of Chantilly, Virginia.



1814

Jun 3

Nicolas Appert (b.1749), French cook, died. He was the winner of a 12,000 franc prize offered by Napoleon for developing a method to preserve food. His original canning method took 14 years to develop and used glass jars sealed with wax reinforced with wire.



1814

June

June: England’s Princess Charlotte, having come of age, is formally presented at Court.



1814

June

June: The Prince Regent, visiting dignitaries, and several generals from the late war review 12,000 troops in Hyde Park as part of the formal Proclamation of Peace.



1814

June

June: White’s Club sponsors a ball held at Burlington House to celebrate the defeat of Napoleon. Beau Brummell is one of the organizers. Nearly 4000 attendees include the visiting Tsar of Russia and the King of Prussia.



1814

Jul 5

US troops under Gen. Jacob Brown and Gen. Winfield Scott defeated a superior British force under Maj. Gen. Phineas Riall near the Niagara River at Chippewa, Canada. British casualties exceeded 500 compared to some 300 Americans.



1814

Jul 7

Sir Walter Scott’s (1771-1832) novel “Waverly” was published anonymously so as not to damage his reputation as a poet.



1814

Jul 18

The British captured Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.



1814

Jul 19

Samuel Colt, inventor of the first practical revolver, was born.



1814

Jul 22

Five Indian tribes in Ohio made peace with the United States and declared war on Britain.



1814

Jul 25

British and American forces fought each other to a stand off at Lundy’s Lane (Niagara Falls), Canada, in some of the fiercest fighting in the War of 1812.



1814

July

July: Walter Scott’s Waverly is published anonymously. (He thought the romantic novel might harm his reputation as a poet.)



1814

Aug 7

Pope Pius VII reinstated the Jesuits.



1814

Aug 9

Andrew Jackson and the Creek Indians signed the Treaty of Fort Jackson, giving the whites 23 million acres of Mississippi Creek territory. This ended Indian resistance in the region and opened the doors to pioneers after the conclusion of the War of 1812.



1814

Aug 10

John Clifford Pemberton (d.1881), Lt Gen (Confederate Army), was born.



1814

Aug 13

Treaty of London-Netherland was signed to stop the transport of slaves. By agreement Britain paid the Dutch £6 million in compensation for the Cape of Good Hope. [see May 30]



1814

Aug 14

British marines landed near the mouth of the Patuxent River in Maryland and began marching overland to attack Washington, DC.



1814

Aug 24

5,000 British troops under the command of General Robert Ross marched into Washington, D.C., after defeating an American force at Bladensburg, Maryland. It was in retaliation for the American burning of the parliament building in York (Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada. Meeting no resistance from the disorganized American forces, the British burned the White House, the Capitol and almost every public building in the city before a downpour extinguished the fires. President James Madison and his wife fled from the advancing enemy, but not before Dolly Madison saved the famous Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington. This wood engraving of Washington in flames was printed in London weeks after the event to celebrate the British victory.



1814

Aug 24

The US Capitol and White House in Washington D.C. were burned and sacked by British General Robert Ross and Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn. This made Congress realize the need for quick transportation and sparked the digging of the Chesapeake-Delaware Canal.



1814

Aug 25

British forces destroyed the Library of Congress, containing some 3,000 books.



1814

Aug

After the British burned the White House in 1814, President James Madison lived in the nearby Octagon—so named because of its unique eight-sided shape—until the end of his term.



1814

August

August: A public celebration of the peace is held in London, including a reenactment of the Battle of the Nile on the Serpentine in Hyde Park, the transformation and illumination of the Temple of Concorde in Green Park, balloon assents, and fireworks.



1814

August

August: Princess Caroline, estranged wife of the Prince of Wales, leaves England.



1814

August

August: The “Burning of Washington” by British forces destroys most government buildings, including the White House.



1814

Sep 11

An American fleet led by Thomas Macdonough scored a decisive victory over the British in the Battle of Lake Champlain in the War of 1812.



1814

Sep 12

A British fleet under Sir Alexander Cochrane began the bombardment of Fort McHenry, the last American defense before Baltimore. Lawyer Francis Scott Key had approached the British attackers seeking the release of a friend who was being held for unfriendly acts toward the British. Key himself was detained overnight on September 13 and witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry from a guarded American boat.



1814

Sep 12

The Battle of North Point was fought near Baltimore during War of 1812. British General Ross was killed by a sniper’s bullet in a skirmish just prior to the main battle. The battle proved to be strategic American victory, but since they left the field in the hands of the British, tactically it was a defeat for the Americans.



1814

Sep 13

British ships bombarded Ft. McHenry under the command of General Armistead. Francis Scott Key watched the bombing from a detained American boat. The British used red glaring Congreve rockets and air bursting bombs during the war.



1814

Sep 14

In the dawn light Francis Scott Key saw that the American flag still waved over Fort McHenry in Maryland during the War of 1812. He looked on from the deck of a boat on the Patasco River nine miles away and wrote “The Star Spangled Banner.” The lyrics were alter adopted to the British tune “To Anacreon in Heaven,” which had also served as Irish drinking song and a number of other songs. “The Star-Spangled Banner” was officially recognized as the national anthem in 1931. The 40 feet long flag had been made by Baltimore widow Mary Young Pickersgill and her 13-year-old daughter just a month before the attack. In 1907 the flag was donated to the Smithsonian.



1814

Sep 15

The words of the “Star-Spangled Banner,” written by Francis Scott Key following the Sep 13 attack on Fort Henry, was printed on a handbill without the name of Francis Scott Key and originally known as “The Defense of Fort McHenry.”



1814

Sep 21

“Star Spangled Banner” was published as a poem.



1814

Sep

Alexander I of Russia entered Paris at the head of an anti-Napoleon coalition.



1814

Sep

The Congress of Vienna convened in late September and continued to June 8, 1815. Friedrich von Gentz of Austria served as secretary to the Congress. It was held after the banishment of Napoleon to Elba. The congress aimed at territorial resettlement and restoration to power of the crowned heads of Europe with Prince Metternich of Austria as the dominant figure. Viscount Castlereagh and the Duke of Wellington represented Britain. Alexander I stood for Russia. Talleyrand stood for France. Prince von Hardenberg stood for Prussia. In 2007 Adam Zamoyski authored “Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna.” In 2008 David King authored “Vienna 1814: How the Conquerors of Napoleon Made Love, War and Peace at the Congress of Vienna.



1814-1815

Sep to Jun

The Congress of Vienna was held after the banishment of Napoleon to Elba. Prince Metternich of Austria was the dominant figure and it aimed at territorial resettlement and restoration to power of the crowned heads of Europe. Viscount Castlereagh and the Duke of Wellington represented Britain. Alexander I stood for Russia. Talleyrand stood for France. Prince von Hardenberg stood for Prussia. In 2007 Adam Zamoyski authored “Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna.”



1814

September

September: The failed British bombardment of Fort McHenry at Baltimore is a turning point in the American war, and the American defense of the fort inspires Francis Scott Key to compose the poem later set to music as “The Star Spangled Banner.”



1814

Oct 3

Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov (d.1841), Russian poet and writer (Demon), was born.



1814

Oct 4

Jean Francois Millet (d.1875), French painter, was born.



1814

Oct 17

Two giant porter vats at the Horse Shoe Brewery on London’s Tottenham Court Road burst when the securing hoops failed. The 25-foot-high vats were owned by Sir Henry Meux and. Several lives were lost along with an estimated 8,000-9,000 barrels of porter.



1814

Oct 19

Mercy Otis Warren (b.1728), Massachusetts playwright, died.



1814

Oct

The name Uncle Sam, a nickname for the United States, was coined during the War of 1812. Workers at Samuel Wilson’s meat-packing plant in Troy, N.Y., which supplied provisions to the U.S. Army, joked that the U.S. stamped on the barrels bound for the troops actually stood for their boss Uncle Sam Wilson. Army contractor Elbert Anderson, Jr. sought bids to provide food for the 5,000 soldiers at the Greenbush Cantonment near Troy, NY. The firm of E. & S. Wilson (Ebenezar and Samuel, d.1854 at 87) provided many of the rations in oak casks labeled “E.A.-U.S.,” as required by the contract. A quip attributed the casks to Elbert Anderson and his Uncle Sam. Later government property in general became referred to as “Uncle Sam’s.” [see Sep 7, 1813]



1814

October

October: At the Horseshoe Brewery on Tottenham Court Road, a large vat containing over 3500 barrels of beer bursts, demolishing houses and killing nine people.



1814

Nov 5

Having decided to abandon the Niagara frontier, the American army blew up Fort Erie.



1814

Nov 6

Adolphe Sax (d.1894), instrument maker and inventor of the saxophone, was born.



1814

Nov 7

Andrew Jackson attacked and captured Pensacola, Florida, defeating the Spanish and driving out a British force.



1814

Nov 13

Joseph Hooker (d.1879), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.



1814

Nov 23

Elbridge Gerry (b.1744), former Massachusetts governor (1810-1811), died in office as vice-president of the US under Madison (1812-1814).



1814

Nov

Unable to pay in specie [i.e. gold] as required by law, the US government offered to pay its debt in paper. Most banks refused to accept the Treasury notes as security and war bonds fell to 60 cents on the dollar.



1814

November

November: Congress of Vienna convenes to redraw the European political map after the defeat of Napoleon. Much scheming and secret alliances between delegates abound.



1814

November

In November, diplomats at the Congress of Vienna carve up Napoleon’s former holdings.



1814

Dec 1

The shallow-draft steamboat Enterprise, completed in Pittsburgh under the direction of keelboat captain Henry Miller Shreve, left for New Orleans to deliver guns and ammunition to Gen. Jackson.



1814

Dec 2

Marquis de Sade (74), writer, died.



1814

Dec 13

General Andrew Jackson announced martial law in New Orleans, Louisiana, as British troops disembarked at Lake Borne, 40 miles east of the city.



1814

Dec 14

The steamboat Enterprise, designed by keelboat captain Henry Miller Shreve, arrived in New Orleans with guns and ammunition for Gen. Jackson. It was immediately commandeered for military service.



1814

Dec 19

Edwin McMasters Stanton, US Secretary of War (1861-65), was born in Ohio.



1814

Dec 24

The Treaty of Ghent between the United States and Great Britain, terminating the War of 1812, was signed at Ghent, Belgium. The news did not reach the United States until two weeks later (after the decisive American victory at New Orleans). The treaty, signed by John Quincy Adams for the US, committed the US and Britain “to use their best endeavors” to end the Atlantic slave trade.



1814

Dec 24

Austrian Emperor Francis I appointed Joseph Ritter von Prechtl as the first director of the Polytechnical Institute of Vienna.



1814

December

December: The Treaty of Ghent is signed ending the war between the United States and Britain. It does little more than restore the pre-war staus quo between the nations, with no gain to either side.



1814



Actor Edmund Kean as Richard III. Kean burst onto the London stage in 1814, rousing audiences to “uncontrolled enthusiam.” He continues to be regarded as one of the great tragic actors of all time.



1814



Caroline, the Princess of Wales, aged 46, leaves England on August 16. Her husband, the Prince of Wales is greatly relieved to see her go.



1814



Fanny Burney’s The Wanderer is published.



1814



France prohibits abortion with a new law that allows it only “when it is required to preserve the life of the mother when it is gravely threatened.”



1814



Francisco Goya paints The Third of May 1808, depicting the execution of Madrid rebels on that date.



1814



Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park is published.



1814



Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres paints La Grande Odalisque, commissioned along with several other pieces by the Queen of Naples.



1814



La Grande Odalisque by Ingres, 1814. 
His contemporaries considered the work to signify Ingres’ break from Neoclassicism, indicating a shift toward exotic Romanticism.




1814



Louis XVIII becomes King of France, ruling until 1824.



1814



Massachusetts becomes a cotton cloth producer.



1814



Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba. His wife, Marie-Louise, returns to Vienna and is awarded the Duchy of Parma. His ex-wife, Josephine, who never stopped using the title Empress, dies at Malmaison.



1814



Sweden signs the Treaty of Kiel and gains possession of Norway.



1814



The allied army reaches Paris.



1814



The Anglo-American war ends with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.



1814



The Battle of Bladensburg near Washington, D.C., is fought between 7,000 untrained U.S. militiamen and 3,000 British Regulars, who march into and burn most of the public buildings, including the executive mansion. Admiral Cockburn of the Royal Navy vows to capture Dolly Madison and parade her through the streets of London, but she outsmarts him by first gathering and hiding important documents, including a portrait of George Washington, and then disguising herself as a farmer’s wife and escaping to Georgetown. The executive mansion is set ablaze and gutted, but will be rebuilt and known from then on as “The White House”.



1814



The Burning of Washington.



1814



The Congress of Vienna begins, where heads of state meet to discuss the settlement of postwar Europe (lasts to 1815).



1814



The Times of London installs the first steam-driven, stop-cylinder printing press, permitting the newspaper to print 1,100 sheets per hour.



1814



The Treaty of Paris is signed and ends the Napoleonic Wars.



1814





1814





1814



Invasion of France by allies leads to the Treaty of Paris, ending one of the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba. The Duke of Wellington is honored at Burlington House in London. British soldiers burn the White House. Last River Thames Frost Fair is held, which was the last time the river froze. Gas lighting introduced in London streets.



1814



A negotiated  treaty ends the War of 1812-14 and restores “peace, friendship, and good understanding” between the United States and “His Britannic Majesty.” 



1814



Russian and Prussian forces enter Paris. Napoleon is exiled to the island of Elba. The terms of peace between the victors and France are settled in another Treaty of Paris. The victors over Napoleon gather at Vienna — the Congress of Vienna — to create a stable Europe to their liking. 



1814



5  At the Congress of Vienna, September 1814 to June 1815, the British, Spain, Portugal, a politically new France, and the Netherlands are meeting to discuss the world without Napoleon, and they agree to eventually abolish the slave trade. 



1814



Mir Ali created a full-length portrait of Persia’s Fath-Ali Shah (1771) shortly after Shah’s loss of a major battle against the Russians.



1814



Jacques-Louis David created his painting “Leonidas at Thermopylae.”



1814



Pierre-Paul Prud’hon (1758-1823), French artist, drew his “Bust of a Female Figure.”



1814



ETA Hoffman’s “Best Tales of Hoffman” was published.



1814



Rossini composed his opera “Il Turco in Italia.”



1814



The Avila House, a thick-walled adobe building at 14 Olvera in Los Angeles, was built.



1814



The Monterey Custom’s House was built by the Mexican government on the Monterey Peninsula in California.



1814



The 1st Odd Fellows arrived in the US from Europe. The fraternal organization was founded in Europe in the 18th century. [see 1819]



1814



Andrew Jackson called the followers of French freebooter Jean Lafitte “hellish banditti.” Jackson later revised his opinion and asked Lafitte to aid him against the British in the defense of New Orleans. Many of the 4,500 men behind Jackson‘s entrenchments at New Orleans on January 8, 1815, were followers of Lafitte.



1814



David Farragut, a ship’s boy on the frigate Essex, was captured by the British when the Essex was defeated by the British.



1814



Jose Dario Arguello, Spanish-born commander of the Presidio, served as the governor of Alta California. He was later buried at Mission Dolores.



1814



The Marquis de Sade died. His writings included “Justine,” “Juliette,” and “120 Days of Sodom.” In 1999 Neal Schaeffer published “The Marquis De Sade: A Life,” and Francine du Plessix Gray published “At Home With the Marquis De Sade: A Life.”



1814



Jose Francisco de San Martin (1778-1850) became general in chief of Argentina’s Army of the North. His primary mission was to protect Argentina against Spanish royalists in Peru.



1814



In Austria rebuilding began of the 14th century Arenberg Castle following a major fire.



1814



In Legazpi, Philippines, the Mayon volcano erupted and 1,200 people were killed.



1814



The Kingdom of Sardinia was united with the Kingdom of Liguria.



1814-1864



Hong Xiuquan, believed himself to be the second son of God. In 1851 he declared himself king of China and the world. In 1853 his Taiping army took the city of Nanjing as its heavenly capital. He ruled there until 1864. When the Qing (Manchu) government troops tightened their siege he died from eating what he said was manna sent by God to alleviate his believer’s starvation. His story is told by Jonathan D. Spence in God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan.



1814-1876



Mikhail Bakunin was an authoritarian anarchist.



1814-1903



Nicolaas Beets, born Sept. 13, died Mar. 13. Dutch poet and prose writer. He was a professor of theology at Utrecht after 1874. In 1839, while a student in Leiden, he published under the pseudonym of Hildebrand the first version of his Camera Obscura (completed 1854), a remarkable collection of stories and essays filled with keen observations, insight into character, and humorous episodes.



1814-1969



In Hohenberg, Bavaria, C.M. Hutschreuther operated a porcelain factory and inscribed his ware with various marks. e.g. A crown over the initials CM in a shield with 18 on one side and 14 on the other was used from 1950-1963.