Further Thoughts on Cannibal Attacks
More discussion following the recent posts about the Miami cannibal attack. Thanks to James Smith for his thoughtful contributions.
James Smith: Speculation being what it is, it's hard to say--but there's certainly precedent (think the Vikings, to name just one group) for somebody consuming some mind-altering drug or combination thereof and believing themselves to be a wolf, bear or other dangerous animal admired for its fighting prowess...the difference is, ancient people did this as a function of their society, not acting out on their own.
Gordon Grice: Hard to know how much of history is true, but there are precedents in chronicles and myth for "anti-social" predation on fellow humans. Sawney Beane and his clan come to mind.
James Smith: While Sawney Beane's story is a little confused as to exact time (probably due to confusion between James I of Scotland or James VI of Scotland/I of England) and probably prone to some exaggeration, there is no real reason to doubt its essential points. I actually had a pet kingsnake named Sawney when I was a teenager (the reason for the name is, I'm sure, obvious.) The Beanes, though, didn't seem to be motivated (from what we can gather) by psychosis or drugs...Sawney and his wife simply fell back on eating people during lean times and taught their children and grandchildren that this was normal. It has sometimes occurred to me that the legends of werewolves and child-eating witches probably represent earlier societies' attempts to rationalize and explain the deviant behavior of anti-social predators, a la Albert Fish, for instance.
Gordon Grice: That's an interesting idea, James. Probably the best evidence for it is scarcity of serial killer stories in history prior to the Victorian era. I've heard that fact used as a basis for arguing that serial murder is a modern phenomenon, but it seems more likely to me that myths of ogres and the like are earlier ways of understanding aberrant murder and cannibalism. I'm skeptical of the specifics about the Beanes, as the whole story seems to reek of ogre-mythology. But the premise that people could establish a cannibal custom within a society that abhors it has precedent in well-attested cases like that of Fritz Haarman. (It also has precedent among chimpanzees, by the way.)
Werewolves as real-life cannibals also makes sense to me. Our friend Guy Endore implies just such a connection in his novel The Werewolf of Paris, which plays lycanthropic variations on the case of Sgt. Bertrand. In fact, even in Roman times it seems as if lycanthropy was an explanation, or maybe just a metaphor, for drunkenness and rape. (There's the drug connection again.)
I'm skeptical regarding the witchcraft part. When William Arens reviewed the literature on cannibalism, he found it was often attributed to a culture by its enemies, but in most cases, other evidence was lacking. I think that's what's at work in reports of witchcraft practices. In the Renaissance, accusations of witchcraft were frequently leveled against heretical sects. Baby-eating was part of that slander; it was a way the Church had of demonizing its enemies. The same accusations were made against Jews. So I suspect those particular allegations were politically motivated, not based on any reality. I also suspect that sort of motive behind the accusations against, for example, Gilles de Rais, who supposedly murdered hundreds of children for giggles.
Published on June 11, 2012 03:00
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