A Primer on Cyber-Physical Systems in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

### 1. Introduction: A Tapestry of the Fourth Industrial RevolutionStanding at the intersection of biology, machine intelligence, and sustainability, cyber-physical systems (CPS) herald a new era in which the digital and physical realms coalesce seamlessly. The Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized by breakthroughs in areas such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, Internet of Things (IoT), and biotechnology, is rapidly transforming every facet of our world—from how we engineer ...