July 24, 1929 – Interwar Period: The Kellogg-Briand Pact goes into effect, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy
On July 24, 1929, the “General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy”, more commonly known as the Kellogg-Brian Pact, went into effect. Its secondary name derives from its authors, U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand. The instrument, first agreed to in August 1928 by the United States, France, and Germany, was joined within a year by 62 countries, including Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Soviet Union, and China. The instrument’s objective was for signatory states not to use war to resolve “disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them”, and that states that fail to adhere would be “denied of the benefits furnished by the treaty”.
The Kellogg-Brian Pact failed in its objective: militarism grewin the 1930s, leading to the outbreak of World War II near the end of thedecade.
(Taken from Events Leading up to World War II in Europe – Wars of the 20th Century – World War II in Europe)
Post-World War I Pacifism Because World War I had caused considerable toll on lives and brought enormous political, economic, and social troubles, a genuine desire for lasting peace prevailed in post-war Europe, and it was hoped that the last war would be “the war that ended all wars”. By the mid-1920s, most European countries, especially in the West, had completed reconstruction and were on the road to prosperity, and pursued a policy of openness and collective security. This pacifism led to the formation in January 1920 of the League of Nations (LN), an international organization which had membership of most of the countries existing at that time, including most major Western Powers (excluding the United States). The League had the following aims: to maintain world peace through collective security, encourage general disarmament, and mediate and arbitrate disputes between member states. In the pacifism of the 1920s, the League resolved a number of conflicts (and had some failures as well), and by mid-decade, the major powers sought the League as a forum to engage in diplomacy, arbitration, and disarmament.
In September 1926, Germanyended its diplomatic near-isolation with its admittance to the League of Nations. This came about with the signing in December 1926 of the Locarno Treaties(in Locarno, Switzerland),which settled the common borders of Germany,France, and Belgium. These countries pledged not to attack eachother, with a guarantee made by Britainand Italyto come to the aid of a party that was attacked by the other. Future disputes were to be resolved througharbitration. The Locarno Treaties alsodealt with Germany’s easternfrontier with Poland and Czechoslovakia,and although their common borders were not fixed, the parties agreed thatfuture disputes would be settled through arbitration. The Treaties were seen as a high point in international diplomacy, and ushered in a climate of peacein Western Europe for the rest of the1920s. A popular optimism, called “thespirit of Locarno”,gave hope that all future disputes could be settled through peaceful means.
In June 1930, the last French troops withdrew from the Rhineland, ending the Allied occupation five yearsearlier than the original fifteen-year schedule. And in March 1935, the League of Nationsreturned the Saar region to Germanyfollowing a referendum where over 90% of Saar residents voted to bereintegrated with Germany.
In August 1938, at the urging of the United States and France, the Kellogg-BriandPact (officially titled “General Treatyfor Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy”) was signed, whichencouraged all countries to renounce war and implement a pacifist foreignpolicy. Within a year, 62 countriessigned the Pact, including Britain,Germany, Italy, Japan,the Soviet Union, and China. In February 1929, the Soviet Union, asignatory and keen advocate of the Pact, initiated a similar agreement, calledthe Litvinov Protocol, with its Eastern European neighbors, which emphasizedthe immediate implementation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact among themselves. Pacifism in the interwar period alsomanifested in the collective efforts by the major powers to limit theirweapons. In February 1922, the fivenaval powers: United States,Britain, France, Italy,and Japansigned the Washington Naval Treaty, which restricted construction of the largerclasses of warships. In April 1930,these countries signed the London Naval Treaty, which modified a number ofclauses in the Washingtontreaty but also regulated naval construction. A further attempt at naval regulation was made in March 1936, which wassigned only by the United States, Britain, and France, since by this time, theprevious other signatories, Italy and Japan, were pursuing expansionistpolicies that required greater naval power.
An effort by the League of Nations and non-League member United States to achieve general disarmament inthe international community led to the World Disarmament Conference in Geneva in 1932-1934,attended by sixty countries. The talksbogged down from a number of issues, the most dominant relating to thedisagreement between Germany and France, with the Germans insisting on beingallowed weapons equality with the great powers (or that they disarm to thelevel of the Treaty of Versailles, i.e. to Germany’s current militarystrength), and the French resisting increased German power for fear of aresurgent Germany and a repeat of World War I, which had caused heavy Frenchlosses. Germany,now led by Adolf Hitler (starting in January 1933), pulled out of the World DisarmamentConference, and in October 1933, withdrew from the League of Nations. The Geneva disarmamentconference thus ended in failure.
