Are ecosystems regulated top down or bottom up?
It’s common that I’m asked, ‘Are ecosystems regulated top down or bottom up?’ But it’s not that simple. We have a terrible habit of looking for single causal mechanisms for complex systems. This leads to disagreement and makes the science seem confused when it’s simpler. A cursory online search will reveal many papers that argue for one or the other, but this is polemic. In reality, systems are structural [8, 9] and have both components.
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Wildlife in the Balance
Wildlife has a huge and immeasurable impact on the stability, health and functioning of ecosystems. For this reason, humanity cannot survive without wildlife. Wild animals turn dust into soil, carbon
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