action, acción, azione, "share of stock"

French action, Spanish acción, Italian azione, all mean "action", but also "share" as in "share of stock" in finance. This sense is not easily connected to the sense of "action". How did the word acquire this sense? So far, I only found one dictionary that seems to allude to it. In Albert Dauzat, Jean Dubois, and Henri Mitterand Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique et historique, publishe in 1971, under the headword action, we see "sens financier, action d'une société, 1669 (Colbert), peut-être calque du néerl. aktie, vulgarisé au XVIIIe s., avec le développement du crédit." I don't know what "Colbert" means as the dictionary fails to list. But it probably refers to a historical document written by Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), who became the Secretary of State of the Navy of France in 1669. The dictionary indicates that this financial sense of action first appeared in that document, referring to a share of a company, and the word may be a calque of Dutch aktie, popularized in the 18th century with development of credit. The Dutch word is now written as actie, which according to Wiktionary, means "(finance, archaic, historical) share in an enterprise", and is ultimately from Latin āctiō (“action”).

If we only care about morphology of the word, as most etymological dictionaries do, saying French action, Spanish acción, Italian azione, as well as Dutch actie or aktie, come from Latin actio is fine. But often times we also care about sense development or semantic evolution of a word. Unfortunately, most dictionaries keep quiet about it. Here we find that the sense of "share of stock" of this word in Romance languages comes from Dutch as a calque and may be from a 1669 document. But I don't know which specific document it is, so the semantic connection between "action" and "share" is more or less still a missing link. I'll keep this in mind and will continue to search for an answer.
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Published on February 07, 2023 18:00
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Learning Spanish, French, and Italian Words Through Etymology and Mnemonics

Yong    Huang
(1) Small corrections and updates to the published book, "Learning Spanish Words Through Etymology and Mnemonics"
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