Firmware

In this article we discuss firmware - software that is directly programmed into hardware devices such as routers, cameras, network cards etc.

Table of contents.Introduction.Types of firmware.Firmware updates.Flashing.Summary.References.Introduction.

Firmware is software directly placed inside a piece of hardware. Since it directly controls hardware it does not have to go through APIs, OS, or drivers to perform its functions.

In machines, firmware is stored in non-volatile memory such as...