Kent State Revisited – Dealing with Emotional Trauma
Tomorrow is the fifty-first anniversary of the May 4, 1970 shootings at Kent State. Each spring I'm reminded of this sad event and the heartache it caused so many. It is a central topic in my book, Surviving: A Kent State Memoir. But many events like this haunt those who witnessed them—the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the many wars the U.S. has fought, 9/11. There are also individual traumas that many of us have endured. Most writers probably have some kind of trauma in their past. Most use it as a well from which to draw emotion.
Back in 1970 when I stood thirty yards in front of the Ohio National Guard and watched them fire at me, there was no such term as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Before then, the concept existed as shell shock or combat fatigue among soldiers as long as two thousand years ago. During the 1970s research began on the reactions of Holocaust survivors, Vietnam veterans, and survivors of domestic abuse. In 1974, psychologist Ann Wolbert Burgess and sociologist Lynda Lytle Holmstrom coined the term, "Rape Trauma Syndrome." The idea that reactions to different kinds of trauma were similar evolved.
In 1980 post-traumatic stress disorder was finally adopted into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), considered the definitive text for diagnosis among those in the psychological professions.
My personal path to recovery led me first to therapy and then to train as a clinical psychologist. I spent my career helping others to heal from trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. In doing so, I began to heal myself.
When a person feels intensely threatened by an event he or she is involved in or witnessed, we call that event trauma. There is a range of traumatic events or types of trauma to which a person can be exposed: war and combat; violence and abuse; disaster and terrorism are some examples.
Symptoms of PTSD can include intrusive memories, dreams, and flashbacks; avoidance of things reminiscent of the event; negative thoughts or feelings; relationship difficulties; changes in physical or emotional reactions.
After a traumatic event, many people experience these symptoms for days or weeks. Most people don't develop PTSD. It is diagnosed when the symptoms persist and affect daily life. Things that may predispose someone to develop PTSD include the intensity and duration of the trauma, previous history of trauma, repeated exposure to trauma, other mental health problems in yourself or family members, substance misuse, and lack of a support system. (Mayoclinic.org)
From the 1990s onward new psychological treatments for PTSD began to crop up and there is now great hope that suffering from prolonged emotional trauma can be relieved.
The trauma-focused psychotherapies with the strongest evidence are:
• Prolonged Exposure (PE)
• Teaches you how to gain control by facing your negative feelings. It involves talking about your trauma with a therapist and doing some of the things you have avoided since the trauma.
• Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)
• Teaches you to reframe negative thoughts about the trauma. It involves talking with a therapist about your negative thoughts and doing short writing assignments.
• Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
• Helps you process and make sense of your trauma. It involves calling the trauma to mind while paying attention to a back-and-forth movement or sound (like a finger waving side to side, a light, or a tone).
In the early 1990s, I was one of the first psychologists trained to do EMDR therapy and realized what a breakthrough it was, as many of the trauma survivors I saw would start feeling better after a few sessions. None of these therapies involve years of talking. They are mostly a combination of actively working to change thoughts and behavior. I felt wonderful knowing that people would no longer have to suffer.
In the past few years, there have also been breakthroughs in using medications to treat symptoms, guided by brain imaging scans. Emotional trauma survivors should check with their doctors to see if they could benefit from these new treatments.
There is hope and help available for those suffering from emotional trauma and/or PTSD. You can contact the American Psychological Association at apa.org for a list of providers in your area.
Back in 1970 when I stood thirty yards in front of the Ohio National Guard and watched them fire at me, there was no such term as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Before then, the concept existed as shell shock or combat fatigue among soldiers as long as two thousand years ago. During the 1970s research began on the reactions of Holocaust survivors, Vietnam veterans, and survivors of domestic abuse. In 1974, psychologist Ann Wolbert Burgess and sociologist Lynda Lytle Holmstrom coined the term, "Rape Trauma Syndrome." The idea that reactions to different kinds of trauma were similar evolved.
In 1980 post-traumatic stress disorder was finally adopted into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), considered the definitive text for diagnosis among those in the psychological professions.
My personal path to recovery led me first to therapy and then to train as a clinical psychologist. I spent my career helping others to heal from trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. In doing so, I began to heal myself.
When a person feels intensely threatened by an event he or she is involved in or witnessed, we call that event trauma. There is a range of traumatic events or types of trauma to which a person can be exposed: war and combat; violence and abuse; disaster and terrorism are some examples.
Symptoms of PTSD can include intrusive memories, dreams, and flashbacks; avoidance of things reminiscent of the event; negative thoughts or feelings; relationship difficulties; changes in physical or emotional reactions.
After a traumatic event, many people experience these symptoms for days or weeks. Most people don't develop PTSD. It is diagnosed when the symptoms persist and affect daily life. Things that may predispose someone to develop PTSD include the intensity and duration of the trauma, previous history of trauma, repeated exposure to trauma, other mental health problems in yourself or family members, substance misuse, and lack of a support system. (Mayoclinic.org)
From the 1990s onward new psychological treatments for PTSD began to crop up and there is now great hope that suffering from prolonged emotional trauma can be relieved.
The trauma-focused psychotherapies with the strongest evidence are:
• Prolonged Exposure (PE)
• Teaches you how to gain control by facing your negative feelings. It involves talking about your trauma with a therapist and doing some of the things you have avoided since the trauma.
• Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)
• Teaches you to reframe negative thoughts about the trauma. It involves talking with a therapist about your negative thoughts and doing short writing assignments.
• Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
• Helps you process and make sense of your trauma. It involves calling the trauma to mind while paying attention to a back-and-forth movement or sound (like a finger waving side to side, a light, or a tone).
In the early 1990s, I was one of the first psychologists trained to do EMDR therapy and realized what a breakthrough it was, as many of the trauma survivors I saw would start feeling better after a few sessions. None of these therapies involve years of talking. They are mostly a combination of actively working to change thoughts and behavior. I felt wonderful knowing that people would no longer have to suffer.
In the past few years, there have also been breakthroughs in using medications to treat symptoms, guided by brain imaging scans. Emotional trauma survivors should check with their doctors to see if they could benefit from these new treatments.
There is hope and help available for those suffering from emotional trauma and/or PTSD. You can contact the American Psychological Association at apa.org for a list of providers in your area.
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