AI & Consciousness | Will Machines Soon be Sentient?
AI & Consciousness | Will Machines Soon be Sentient?
Vicar Sayeedi
April 20, 2021
In 1995, New York University Cognitive Scientist, David Chalmers proposed a famous thought experiment in which every neuron in our brain is sequentially replaced by a functionally equivalent electronic cell. In this hypothetical experiment, our visible behavior would not change and we would appear to be exactly the same to our friends and family, those who know us best. But this experiment raises an important question: at some point in this neuron replacement process, might we cease to be conscious and how would this happen? Would we lose our sense of self-awareness gradually, suddenly or not at all?
This is the sort of debate that often raises tempers amongst leading researchers in Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology and Philosophy. There are those researchers and thought leaders at one end of the spectrum, the optimistic end, who argue that there are no laws of mathematics or physics, nor any principles of biology or chemistry that limit consciousness to carbon based life forms. Thus, silicon based systems should also be able to attain sentience.
However, if consciousness is exclusive to carbon based biological entities, then even if a human brain’s synthetic replacement enabled it to function exactly as it did prior to the afore described neuron replacement procedure, the person whose consciousness previously inhabited this brain would no longer be there. At this end of the spectrum, the pessimistic end, researchers argue that in order to implement such a sentient AI Agent we must first understand the scientific foundations of human cognitive behavior and humankind has barely scratched the surface of this esoteric domain. Thus, the critical question of whether Artificial General Intelligence will ever achieve consciousness remains a hotly debated topic, one that we can only speculate about today.
As we contemplate the issue of sentience in future AI Agents, we must also keep in mind that Artificial Intelligence is exponentially superior to human intelligence in its ability to analyze vast quantities of data, permanently retain the insights garnered from its analysis and then formulate decisions based upon this comprehensive analysis. AI can also perform this process at light speed and it never forgets what it has learned. This raises the sobering question of what sentience even means in the context of AI. For example, will humans be able to recognize AI’s consciousness since our understanding of sentience is limited by our own cognitive capacity? Will the AI’s sentience be something completely different? Will it appear sentient to us because it has learned to mimic human consciousness in its behavior, conversation and interaction? Will it have dimensions of sentience that are simply beyond our cognitive capacity to understand?
While we contemplate the possibility of sentience in future Artificial General Intelligence Agents, it’s a sobering thought to realize that the narrow AI Agents widely in use today have the potential to do tremendous harm to society without any known or recognizable aspects of consciousness. Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems and the AI Agents behind major social media platforms are two important examples of worrisome and dangerous applications of contemporary AI Agents.
Before his death in 2018, Microsoft co-founder and founder of the Allen Institute for Brain Science, Paul Allen wrote that achieving singularity, the point at which Artificial Intelligence is generally equivalent to human intelligence and where AI develops beyond our ability to monitor, predict, or understand it, will take far more than just designing increasingly capable machines. Allen said, “To achieve the singularity, it isn’t enough to just run today’s software faster. We would also need to build smarter and more capable software programs. Creating this kind of advanced software requires a prior scientific understanding of the foundations of human cognition, and we are just scraping the surface of this. This prior need to understand the basic science of cognition is where the ‘singularity is near’ arguments fail to persuade us.”
Paul Allen’s sentiments not withstanding, it seems the aggregate opinion amongst the world’s community of AI experts seems to be leaning in favor of those who believe Artificial General Intelligence and consciousness will be achieved sometime before the end of the century. In 2013, Nick Bostrom of Oxford University and Vincent Mueller of the European Society for Cognitive Systems published a survey of experts in the AI field indicating the timeframe in which they believed AI would approach the level of intelligence in Homo Sapiens. The survey found that more than 50% of AI experts believe that AI will achieve Artificial General Intelligence within 20-30 years while 90% believe this goal will be achieved within 50-60 years. Bostrom personally believes that the rate of progress in the next few years and decades will produce sophisticated machines with human-level intelligence that are capable of both speech and reasoning.
The prominent Computer Scientist and Futurist, Ray Kurzweil also falls into the optimistic camp in that he believes we are rapidly approaching singularity and sentience in AI. Kurzweil thinks that by the end of this decade or perhaps even sooner, AI will be able to pass the Turing test, an evaluation of intelligence that tries to determine whether a computer can convince a human judge that it is human. Kurzweil also believes that in the next decade, we will be able to upload our mind in its entirety into the Cloud. This, however, may be a bit too optimistic for most in the AI field: Connectomics is, like its predecessor Genomics, a revolutionary science that is attempting to map the human mind into silicon based systems but it may take a little longer to realize Kurzweil’s vision given the challenges that remain in understanding the human brain and its relationship to consciousness.
In summary, the genesis of sentience in Artificial Intelligence Agents is a profound notion that is likely to become reality at some point in the next several decades. And perhaps with the exception of gene editing or more generally biotechnology, there are no other scientific disciplines in which humankind is progressing so rapidly while simultaneously having such limited insight into what we’re actually doing. If the AI community is successful in creating machines that experience the world subjectively, the ethical implications will be beyond anything humankind has ever fathomed. It would also be an unprecedented moment for our species, and we would have to contend with what it means to have essentially created new life. Whether these questions remain a distant possibility or whether they are only a few decades away, it’s critical that we begin to consider them very seriously since the probability of realizing this ability is increasing every day. It is the right time for humankind to carefully and collectively consider the ethical and moral principles that are most important to us.
Vicar Sayeedi is a Computer Scientist and Engineer, a Lecturer and a Consultant. Vicar is also the author of several books. His most recent book is about Artificial Intelligence and is titled, The Génome Affair.
Vicar is most interested in the big questions facing humankind. He is particularly focused on studying at the confluence of the five great disciplines of Human History, Political Science and Thought, International Affairs, Science and Technology. This intersection offers a deep understanding and pedagogically important lessons of how advances in human endeavor have influenced and impacted civilization.
Vicar has been writing books, essays and poetry for many years. For the past 30 years, Vicar has worked in the Technology and Pharmaceutical industries. He is currently a Consultant in the Life Sciences Industry and lives in suburban Chicago with his wife and their three grown children [if they decide to visit during the holidays!]
You can find Vicar’s recent book on AI, The Génome Affair on Amazon at this link:
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07YQ7M9Q7
The most recent episodes of Vicar’s ai & u! Podcast are on YouTube at the following links:
Episode 1 - https://youtu.be/yNYr28jtY_k
What is Artificial Intelligence? What is Human Intelligence?
Episode 2 - https://youtu.be/kAEgDNh1Nwc
How Did We Get Here? Machine Learning, Neural Networks & the AI Lexicon, Exciting AI Agents
Episode 3 - https://youtu.be/3PYCyv1pCgM
Deep Mind - How Powerful is Narrow AI? State Surveillance and Surveillance Capitalism
Episode 4 - https://youtu.be/WvobCMIM_H4
Impact on Societies That Possess Artificial Intelligence Versus Those that Do Not!
Episode 5 - https://youtu.be/4JVpvm4g79g
Surveillance Capitalism, Surveillance State, 4th Industrial Revolution, Bifurcation of Sapiens
Episode 6 - https://youtu.be/e1q2GgcWQok
AI, Blockchain & Quantum Computing - Implications for Global and National Governance
Episode 7 - https://youtu.be/4bDSUvrOdd4
Popular Perceptions of Intelligence, the Seat of Human Intelligence and Implications for AI
Episode 8 - https://youtu.be/3GjHqQZL7Pk
AI - Why Should I care? Plus Exciting Updates from Elon Musk and Neuralink!
Episode 9 - https://youtu.be/enpecqDecC8
AI - Excellence, Innovation & Genius
Episode 10 - https://youtu.be/UsriESlTjdA
Implications for AI as China and the West Decouple
Episode 11 - https://youtu.be/0CpaMb-yw3g
Artificial Intelligence: Ethics, Law & Society
Episode 12 - https://youtu.be/PLzodrLWMq0
AI & Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems
Episode 13 - https://youtu.be/Lm_nrNyJRbA
AI & the Future of Work in Industry 4.0 – the 4th Industrial Revolution
Episode 14 - https://youtu.be/_3E1Mhr_Dt8
Artificial Intelligence and its Implications for Authoritarianism and Democracy
Episode 15 - https://youtu.be/IpMUqHOEd7w
Artificial Intelligence, Consciousness & the Future of Homo Sapiens
Episode 16 - https://youtu.be/mIf7_VMzGKo
AI and its Implications for America's Political Environment
Episode 17 - https://youtu.be/gsMRPnovZGI
Special Episode: Reading From The Génome Affair
Episode 18 - https://youtu.be/UxNxtWDCREM
Artificial Intelligence - Digital Tyranny, Datocracy and the Imitation Game
Episode 19 - https://youtu.be/Db8U0QQWWuY
Does Artificial Intelligence Really Replicate Human Intelligence?
Episode 20 - https://youtu.be/Np18AEq-6DM
AI & Rising Geopolitical Tensions Between China & The West
Episode 21 - https://youtu.be/fOMSvNiixA0
AI & In-vitro Fertilization [IVF]
Episode 22 - https://youtu.be/EQPpRhIV6Kw
AI & Human Intelligence: A Complex Relationship
Episode 23 - https://youtu.be/EAbQ7stY7JQ
AI Upends the World of Structural Biology
Episode 24 - https://youtu.be/Bsb1F8uoBpA
AI & COVID-19: An Extraordinary Contribution
Episode 25 - https://youtu.be/PqL5PCRc8tA
AI, Connectomics & Transhumanism: the Future of Humankind
Episode 26 - https://youtu.be/HI8Zjl8VM8U
Dramatic Upheaval Inside Google's Ethical AI Team
Episode 27 - https://youtu.be/TqWwJYc2GxQ
AI & Cyber Espionage | How Will the Sunburst Attack Affect Our Security?
Episode 28 - https://youtu.be/89BcThqgcfQ
AI & the Rapidly Escalating Threat from Deep Fake Videos
Episode 29 - https://youtu.be/zvOHRMmJNB4
AI, Facial Recognition Technology & The Digital Surveillance State
Episode 30 - https://youtu.be/br4ygfEWdk0
AI & Social Media | The Most Destructive AI We've Ever Seen?
Episode 31 - https://youtu.be/sOy12ii8zwM
The Democratization of AI & The 2021 Maiflower Expedition | Plymouth, England to Plymouth, MA
Episode 32 - https://youtu.be/bixdLL74reE
Sino-American Cold War | A Blessing in Disguise for America?
Episode 33 - https://youtu.be/tTRm312DgMc
AI & the Tyranny of Meritocracy
Episode 34 - https://youtu.be/FpPzC5VP6GM
In the Midst of Chaos and Pandemic | A Big AI Announcement From the Trump Administration
Episode 35 - https://youtu.be/bK3xCBwrG8w
Artificial Super Intelligence – Can We Control It?
Episode 36 - https://youtu.be/Rc60DQ0L86Q
A New America | Hope with a Big Dose of Caution
Episode 37 - https://youtu.be/UBenYYHbYqM
Will AI [Science & Tech] Benefit From a New Cold War with China?
Episode 38 - https://youtu.be/JewJnPywnOU
Will AI Eventually Replace All Other Forms of Government?
Episode 39 - https://youtu.be/ibuJ8vozyqg
Will AI Perpetuate Bias in Employment, Health Systems, Law and Society?
Episode 40 - https://youtu.be/IJYbPfGC-08
AI | Will it be the Bain of Cyber Criminals?
Episode 41 - https://youtu.be/ozrO5_XTYKQ
AI | What Will it Mean for the Future of Work?
Episode 42 - https://youtu.be/kDKapDK-Vb0
AI | A Harbinger for the End of Democracy?
Episode 43 - https://youtu.be/7XeNyE8CA9I
AI & the Life Sciences | Developments in Connectomics & Radiology
Episode 44 - https://youtu.be/mWaPW_UolVo
AI & Geopolitics | Critical Strategic Planning in the Age of China
Episode 45 - https://youtu.be/qOSOc3vJRBk
AI & Humankind | What Might the Future Hold?
Episode 46 - https://youtu.be/atMSV1WAFkg
AI Enabled Surveillance | An Important Tool to Contain Dangerous Personality Traits?
Episode 47 - https://youtu.be/kz7-EDmlGXc
Will AI Favor Authoritarianism or Democracy?
Episode 48 - https://youtu.be/uTvKWQgdOaI
AI | A Key Enabler of Universal Basic Income?
Episode 49 - https://youtu.be/sy48Xqo-3qM
AI & The Future of Government, Industry, Markets &Trade
Episode 50 - https://youtu.be/JU1oGzb5TS0
AI & Surveillance | America’s New Strategy in the Middle East
Episode 51 - https://youtu.be/nOCQjUxLWJY
AI-Enabled Global Government | An Idea Whose Time Has Come?
Episode 52 - https://youtu.be/g1VJqiI3HyE
AI & Healthcare | What Will the Future Look Like? Will it be More Equitable?
Episode 53 - https://youtu.be/ie9KAg_kF7Q
AI & Surveillance | The Ethical Dilemma of Facial Recognition Software
Episode 54 - https://youtu.be/12EIzY6j5dU
AI & Regulation | Europe is Leading the Way
Episode 55 - https://youtu.be/l-gcYTZMsm8
AI & Consciousness | Will Machines Soon be Sentient?
Vicar Sayeedi
April 20, 2021
In 1995, New York University Cognitive Scientist, David Chalmers proposed a famous thought experiment in which every neuron in our brain is sequentially replaced by a functionally equivalent electronic cell. In this hypothetical experiment, our visible behavior would not change and we would appear to be exactly the same to our friends and family, those who know us best. But this experiment raises an important question: at some point in this neuron replacement process, might we cease to be conscious and how would this happen? Would we lose our sense of self-awareness gradually, suddenly or not at all?
This is the sort of debate that often raises tempers amongst leading researchers in Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology and Philosophy. There are those researchers and thought leaders at one end of the spectrum, the optimistic end, who argue that there are no laws of mathematics or physics, nor any principles of biology or chemistry that limit consciousness to carbon based life forms. Thus, silicon based systems should also be able to attain sentience.
However, if consciousness is exclusive to carbon based biological entities, then even if a human brain’s synthetic replacement enabled it to function exactly as it did prior to the afore described neuron replacement procedure, the person whose consciousness previously inhabited this brain would no longer be there. At this end of the spectrum, the pessimistic end, researchers argue that in order to implement such a sentient AI Agent we must first understand the scientific foundations of human cognitive behavior and humankind has barely scratched the surface of this esoteric domain. Thus, the critical question of whether Artificial General Intelligence will ever achieve consciousness remains a hotly debated topic, one that we can only speculate about today.
As we contemplate the issue of sentience in future AI Agents, we must also keep in mind that Artificial Intelligence is exponentially superior to human intelligence in its ability to analyze vast quantities of data, permanently retain the insights garnered from its analysis and then formulate decisions based upon this comprehensive analysis. AI can also perform this process at light speed and it never forgets what it has learned. This raises the sobering question of what sentience even means in the context of AI. For example, will humans be able to recognize AI’s consciousness since our understanding of sentience is limited by our own cognitive capacity? Will the AI’s sentience be something completely different? Will it appear sentient to us because it has learned to mimic human consciousness in its behavior, conversation and interaction? Will it have dimensions of sentience that are simply beyond our cognitive capacity to understand?
While we contemplate the possibility of sentience in future Artificial General Intelligence Agents, it’s a sobering thought to realize that the narrow AI Agents widely in use today have the potential to do tremendous harm to society without any known or recognizable aspects of consciousness. Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems and the AI Agents behind major social media platforms are two important examples of worrisome and dangerous applications of contemporary AI Agents.
Before his death in 2018, Microsoft co-founder and founder of the Allen Institute for Brain Science, Paul Allen wrote that achieving singularity, the point at which Artificial Intelligence is generally equivalent to human intelligence and where AI develops beyond our ability to monitor, predict, or understand it, will take far more than just designing increasingly capable machines. Allen said, “To achieve the singularity, it isn’t enough to just run today’s software faster. We would also need to build smarter and more capable software programs. Creating this kind of advanced software requires a prior scientific understanding of the foundations of human cognition, and we are just scraping the surface of this. This prior need to understand the basic science of cognition is where the ‘singularity is near’ arguments fail to persuade us.”
Paul Allen’s sentiments not withstanding, it seems the aggregate opinion amongst the world’s community of AI experts seems to be leaning in favor of those who believe Artificial General Intelligence and consciousness will be achieved sometime before the end of the century. In 2013, Nick Bostrom of Oxford University and Vincent Mueller of the European Society for Cognitive Systems published a survey of experts in the AI field indicating the timeframe in which they believed AI would approach the level of intelligence in Homo Sapiens. The survey found that more than 50% of AI experts believe that AI will achieve Artificial General Intelligence within 20-30 years while 90% believe this goal will be achieved within 50-60 years. Bostrom personally believes that the rate of progress in the next few years and decades will produce sophisticated machines with human-level intelligence that are capable of both speech and reasoning.
The prominent Computer Scientist and Futurist, Ray Kurzweil also falls into the optimistic camp in that he believes we are rapidly approaching singularity and sentience in AI. Kurzweil thinks that by the end of this decade or perhaps even sooner, AI will be able to pass the Turing test, an evaluation of intelligence that tries to determine whether a computer can convince a human judge that it is human. Kurzweil also believes that in the next decade, we will be able to upload our mind in its entirety into the Cloud. This, however, may be a bit too optimistic for most in the AI field: Connectomics is, like its predecessor Genomics, a revolutionary science that is attempting to map the human mind into silicon based systems but it may take a little longer to realize Kurzweil’s vision given the challenges that remain in understanding the human brain and its relationship to consciousness.
In summary, the genesis of sentience in Artificial Intelligence Agents is a profound notion that is likely to become reality at some point in the next several decades. And perhaps with the exception of gene editing or more generally biotechnology, there are no other scientific disciplines in which humankind is progressing so rapidly while simultaneously having such limited insight into what we’re actually doing. If the AI community is successful in creating machines that experience the world subjectively, the ethical implications will be beyond anything humankind has ever fathomed. It would also be an unprecedented moment for our species, and we would have to contend with what it means to have essentially created new life. Whether these questions remain a distant possibility or whether they are only a few decades away, it’s critical that we begin to consider them very seriously since the probability of realizing this ability is increasing every day. It is the right time for humankind to carefully and collectively consider the ethical and moral principles that are most important to us.
Vicar Sayeedi is a Computer Scientist and Engineer, a Lecturer and a Consultant. Vicar is also the author of several books. His most recent book is about Artificial Intelligence and is titled, The Génome Affair.
Vicar is most interested in the big questions facing humankind. He is particularly focused on studying at the confluence of the five great disciplines of Human History, Political Science and Thought, International Affairs, Science and Technology. This intersection offers a deep understanding and pedagogically important lessons of how advances in human endeavor have influenced and impacted civilization.
Vicar has been writing books, essays and poetry for many years. For the past 30 years, Vicar has worked in the Technology and Pharmaceutical industries. He is currently a Consultant in the Life Sciences Industry and lives in suburban Chicago with his wife and their three grown children [if they decide to visit during the holidays!]
You can find Vicar’s recent book on AI, The Génome Affair on Amazon at this link:
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07YQ7M9Q7
The most recent episodes of Vicar’s ai & u! Podcast are on YouTube at the following links:
Episode 1 - https://youtu.be/yNYr28jtY_k
What is Artificial Intelligence? What is Human Intelligence?
Episode 2 - https://youtu.be/kAEgDNh1Nwc
How Did We Get Here? Machine Learning, Neural Networks & the AI Lexicon, Exciting AI Agents
Episode 3 - https://youtu.be/3PYCyv1pCgM
Deep Mind - How Powerful is Narrow AI? State Surveillance and Surveillance Capitalism
Episode 4 - https://youtu.be/WvobCMIM_H4
Impact on Societies That Possess Artificial Intelligence Versus Those that Do Not!
Episode 5 - https://youtu.be/4JVpvm4g79g
Surveillance Capitalism, Surveillance State, 4th Industrial Revolution, Bifurcation of Sapiens
Episode 6 - https://youtu.be/e1q2GgcWQok
AI, Blockchain & Quantum Computing - Implications for Global and National Governance
Episode 7 - https://youtu.be/4bDSUvrOdd4
Popular Perceptions of Intelligence, the Seat of Human Intelligence and Implications for AI
Episode 8 - https://youtu.be/3GjHqQZL7Pk
AI - Why Should I care? Plus Exciting Updates from Elon Musk and Neuralink!
Episode 9 - https://youtu.be/enpecqDecC8
AI - Excellence, Innovation & Genius
Episode 10 - https://youtu.be/UsriESlTjdA
Implications for AI as China and the West Decouple
Episode 11 - https://youtu.be/0CpaMb-yw3g
Artificial Intelligence: Ethics, Law & Society
Episode 12 - https://youtu.be/PLzodrLWMq0
AI & Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems
Episode 13 - https://youtu.be/Lm_nrNyJRbA
AI & the Future of Work in Industry 4.0 – the 4th Industrial Revolution
Episode 14 - https://youtu.be/_3E1Mhr_Dt8
Artificial Intelligence and its Implications for Authoritarianism and Democracy
Episode 15 - https://youtu.be/IpMUqHOEd7w
Artificial Intelligence, Consciousness & the Future of Homo Sapiens
Episode 16 - https://youtu.be/mIf7_VMzGKo
AI and its Implications for America's Political Environment
Episode 17 - https://youtu.be/gsMRPnovZGI
Special Episode: Reading From The Génome Affair
Episode 18 - https://youtu.be/UxNxtWDCREM
Artificial Intelligence - Digital Tyranny, Datocracy and the Imitation Game
Episode 19 - https://youtu.be/Db8U0QQWWuY
Does Artificial Intelligence Really Replicate Human Intelligence?
Episode 20 - https://youtu.be/Np18AEq-6DM
AI & Rising Geopolitical Tensions Between China & The West
Episode 21 - https://youtu.be/fOMSvNiixA0
AI & In-vitro Fertilization [IVF]
Episode 22 - https://youtu.be/EQPpRhIV6Kw
AI & Human Intelligence: A Complex Relationship
Episode 23 - https://youtu.be/EAbQ7stY7JQ
AI Upends the World of Structural Biology
Episode 24 - https://youtu.be/Bsb1F8uoBpA
AI & COVID-19: An Extraordinary Contribution
Episode 25 - https://youtu.be/PqL5PCRc8tA
AI, Connectomics & Transhumanism: the Future of Humankind
Episode 26 - https://youtu.be/HI8Zjl8VM8U
Dramatic Upheaval Inside Google's Ethical AI Team
Episode 27 - https://youtu.be/TqWwJYc2GxQ
AI & Cyber Espionage | How Will the Sunburst Attack Affect Our Security?
Episode 28 - https://youtu.be/89BcThqgcfQ
AI & the Rapidly Escalating Threat from Deep Fake Videos
Episode 29 - https://youtu.be/zvOHRMmJNB4
AI, Facial Recognition Technology & The Digital Surveillance State
Episode 30 - https://youtu.be/br4ygfEWdk0
AI & Social Media | The Most Destructive AI We've Ever Seen?
Episode 31 - https://youtu.be/sOy12ii8zwM
The Democratization of AI & The 2021 Maiflower Expedition | Plymouth, England to Plymouth, MA
Episode 32 - https://youtu.be/bixdLL74reE
Sino-American Cold War | A Blessing in Disguise for America?
Episode 33 - https://youtu.be/tTRm312DgMc
AI & the Tyranny of Meritocracy
Episode 34 - https://youtu.be/FpPzC5VP6GM
In the Midst of Chaos and Pandemic | A Big AI Announcement From the Trump Administration
Episode 35 - https://youtu.be/bK3xCBwrG8w
Artificial Super Intelligence – Can We Control It?
Episode 36 - https://youtu.be/Rc60DQ0L86Q
A New America | Hope with a Big Dose of Caution
Episode 37 - https://youtu.be/UBenYYHbYqM
Will AI [Science & Tech] Benefit From a New Cold War with China?
Episode 38 - https://youtu.be/JewJnPywnOU
Will AI Eventually Replace All Other Forms of Government?
Episode 39 - https://youtu.be/ibuJ8vozyqg
Will AI Perpetuate Bias in Employment, Health Systems, Law and Society?
Episode 40 - https://youtu.be/IJYbPfGC-08
AI | Will it be the Bain of Cyber Criminals?
Episode 41 - https://youtu.be/ozrO5_XTYKQ
AI | What Will it Mean for the Future of Work?
Episode 42 - https://youtu.be/kDKapDK-Vb0
AI | A Harbinger for the End of Democracy?
Episode 43 - https://youtu.be/7XeNyE8CA9I
AI & the Life Sciences | Developments in Connectomics & Radiology
Episode 44 - https://youtu.be/mWaPW_UolVo
AI & Geopolitics | Critical Strategic Planning in the Age of China
Episode 45 - https://youtu.be/qOSOc3vJRBk
AI & Humankind | What Might the Future Hold?
Episode 46 - https://youtu.be/atMSV1WAFkg
AI Enabled Surveillance | An Important Tool to Contain Dangerous Personality Traits?
Episode 47 - https://youtu.be/kz7-EDmlGXc
Will AI Favor Authoritarianism or Democracy?
Episode 48 - https://youtu.be/uTvKWQgdOaI
AI | A Key Enabler of Universal Basic Income?
Episode 49 - https://youtu.be/sy48Xqo-3qM
AI & The Future of Government, Industry, Markets &Trade
Episode 50 - https://youtu.be/JU1oGzb5TS0
AI & Surveillance | America’s New Strategy in the Middle East
Episode 51 - https://youtu.be/nOCQjUxLWJY
AI-Enabled Global Government | An Idea Whose Time Has Come?
Episode 52 - https://youtu.be/g1VJqiI3HyE
AI & Healthcare | What Will the Future Look Like? Will it be More Equitable?
Episode 53 - https://youtu.be/ie9KAg_kF7Q
AI & Surveillance | The Ethical Dilemma of Facial Recognition Software
Episode 54 - https://youtu.be/12EIzY6j5dU
AI & Regulation | Europe is Leading the Way
Episode 55 - https://youtu.be/l-gcYTZMsm8
AI & Consciousness | Will Machines Soon be Sentient?
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