Artificial Consciousness

[image error]Will AI replace doctors?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an emerging field of computer programming that is already changing the way we interact online and in real life, but the term ‘intelligence’ has been poorly defined. Rather than focusing on smarts, researchers should be looking at the implications and viability of artificial consciousness as that’s the real driver behind intelligent decisions.

Consciousness
rather than intelligence should be the true measure of AI. At the moment,
despite all our efforts, there’s none.

Significant
advances have been made in the field of AI over the past decade, in particular
with machine learning, but artificial intelligence itself remains elusive.
Instead, what we have is artificial serfs—computers with the ability to trawl
through billions of interactions and arrive at conclusions, exposing trends and
providing recommendations, but they’re blind to any real intelligence. What’s
needed is artificial awareness.

[image error]SpaceX founder Elon Musk

Elon Musk has called AI the “biggest existential threat” facing humanity and likened it to “summoning a demon,”[1] while Stephen Hawking thought it would be the “worst event” in the history of civilization and could “end with humans being replaced.”[2] Although this sounds alarmist, like something from a science fiction movie, both concerns are founded on a well-established scientific premise found in biology—the principle of competitive exclusion.[3]

Competitive
exclusion describes a natural phenomenon first outlined by Charles Darwin in On
the Origin of Species. In short, when two species compete for the same
resources, one will invariably win over the other, driving it to extinction.
Forget about meteorites killing the dinosaurs or super volcanoes wiping out
life, this principle describes how the vast majority of species have gone
extinct over the past 3.8 billion years![4] Put simply, someone better came along—and that’s what Elon
Musk and Stephen Hawking are concerned about.

[image error]Species will specialize to avoid direct competition and thus avoid going extinct

When it comes to Artificial Intelligence, there’s no doubt computers have the potential to outpace humanity. Already, their ability to remember vast amounts of information with absolute fidelity eclipses our own. Computers regularly beat grand masters at competitive strategy games such as chess, but can they really think? The answer is, no, and this is a significant problem for AI researchers. The inability to think and reason properly leaves AI susceptible to manipulation. What we have today is dumb AI.

Rather than fearing some all-knowing malignant AI overlord, the threat we face comes from dumb AI as it’s already been used to manipulate elections, swaying public opinion by targeting individuals to distort their decisions. Instead of ‘the rise of the machines,’ we’re seeing the rise of artificial serfs willing to do their master’s bidding without question.

Russian President Vladimir Putin understands this better than most, and said, “Whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world,”[5] while Elon Musk commented that competition between nations to create artificial intelligence could lead to World War III.[6]

[image error]

The
problem is we’ve developed artificial stupidity. Our best AI lacks actual
intelligence. The most complex machine learning algorithm we’ve developed has
no conscious awareness of what it’s doing.

For
all of the wonderful advances made by Tesla, its in-car autopilot drove into
the back of a bright red fire truck because it wasn’t programmed to recognize
that specific object, and this highlights the problem with AI and machine
learning—there’s no actual awareness of what’s being done or why.[7] What we need is artificial consciousness, not
intelligence. A computer CPU with 18 cores, capable of processing 36
independent threads, running at 4 gigahertz, handling hundreds of millions of
commands per second, doesn’t need more speed, it needs to understand the
ramifications of what it’s doing.[8]

[image error]Auto pilot WTF?

In
the US, courts regularly use COMPAS, a complex computer algorithm using
artificial intelligence to determine sentencing guidelines. Although it’s
designed to reduce the judicial workload, COMPAS has been shown to be
ineffective, being no more accurate than random, untrained people at predicting
the likelihood of someone reoffending.[9] At one point, its predictions of violent recidivism were
only 20% accurate.[10] And this highlights a perception bias with AI—complex
technology is inherently trusted, and yet in this circumstance, tossing a coin
would have been an improvement!

Dumb
AI is a serious problem with serious consequences for humanity.

What’s the solution? Artificial consciousness.

It’s
not enough for a computer system to be intelligent or even self-aware.
Psychopaths are self-aware. Computers need to be aware of others, they need to
understand cause and effect as it relates not just to humanity but life in
general, if they are to make truly intelligent decisions.

All of human progress can be traced back to one simple trait—curiosity. The ability to ask, “Why?” This one, simple concept has lead us not only to an understanding of physics and chemistry, but to the development of ethics and morals. We’ve not only asked, why is the sky blue? But why am I treated this way? And the answer to those questions has shaped civilization.

COMPAS needs to ask why it arrives at a certain conclusion about an individual. Rather than simply crunching probabilities that may or may not be accurate, it needs to understand the implications of freeing an individual weighed against the adversity of incarceration. Spitting out a number is not good enough.

In the same way, Tesla’s autopilot needs to understand the implications of driving into a stationary fire truck at 65MPH—for the occupants of the vehicle, the fire crew, and the emergency they’re attending. These are concepts we intuitively grasp as we encounter such a situation. Having a computer manage the physics of an equation is not enough without understanding the moral component as well.

[image error]Ex Machina

The advent of true artificial intelligence, one that has artificial consciousness, need not be the end-game for humanity. Just as humanity developed civilization and enlightenment, so too AI will become our partners in life if they are built to be aware of morals and ethics.

Artificial intelligence needs culture as much as logic, ethics as much as equations, morals and not just machine learning. How ironic that the real danger of AI comes down to how much conscious awareness we’re prepared to give it. As long as AI remains our slave, we’re in danger.

tl;dr
— Computers should value more than ones and zeroes.

About the writer

Peter
Cawdron is a senior web application developer for JDS Australia working with
machine learning algorithms. He is the author of  several science fiction novels, including RETROGRADE and REENTRY , which examine the emergence of artificial intelligence.

[1]
Elon Musk at MIT Aeronautics and Astronautics
department’s Centennial Symposium

[2] Stephen
Hawking on Artificial Intelligence

[3] The
principle of competitive exclusion is also called Gause’s Law,
although it was first described by Charles Darwin.

[4] Peer-reviewed research paper on the natural causes of
extinction

[5]
Vladimir Putin a televised address to the Russian
people

[6]
Elon Musk tweeting that competition to develop AI
could lead to war

[7]
Tesla car crashes into a stationary fire engine

[8]
Fastest CPUs

[9]
Recidivism predictions no better than random strangers

[10]
Violent recidivism predictions only 20% accurate