Political Exceptions and Montana's Ranger Representative

Okay. so you have your world building for your alien culture well developed. You have art, language, science, and politics. All of the rules for your culture are written out and yet something is missing. The thing is that all rules have exceptions and it can be a very depth giving touch to work in some exceptions to your rules.
A real life example. In the USA Representatives are chosen by population. Each Representative is tied to a physical area where his constituents live. However for some states with small populations there is only one Representative. Montana for instance has an At-Large Representative. 
One lone Representative could be written several different ways. For fantasy a Ranger style of character might be good. Think of Strider. For science fiction perhaps a harried and overworked bureaucratic with far too much paper on his desk. (Who probably dreams of being more Rangery.)
Remember in genetics or literature you often learn more through exceptions than the rules.
Can you think of any rule exceptions in famous literature that increased your knowledge of the world?