There is still only one test

In 2011 I wrote an article called "There is Only One Test", where I explained that all hypothesis tests are based on the same framework, which looks like this:


Here are the elements of this framework:

1) Given a dataset, you compute a test statistic that measures the size of the apparent effect.  For example, if you are describing a difference between two groups, the test statistic might be the absolute difference in means.  I'll call the test statistic from the observed data