Matt Fradd's Blog, page 25

What’s a Catholic to Think About Gender?

Once upon a time, there were two well-defined genders in the world. Miraculously, it seemed that those genders were always associated with a particular sex — women were women and men were men.

Now we’re told there are other genders and people can switch between them.

What’s a Catholic to think? First, let’s identify two extreme positions. Then we’ll reaffirm our understanding of gender in light of faith and reason.

Extreme position 1: Our bodies are not relevant to our gender.
Many of you probably think this position is wrong. You are correct. But you’d be surprised how many Catholics are falling for the transgender ideology.

Proponents of this extreme position overly emphasize the distinction between sex and gender. They think it’s irrelevant if, say, a man claiming to be a woman still has uniquely male biological features.

Extreme position 2: Your manhood or womanhood is reduced to your body.
This is the opposite extreme of what we previously said. Some people rightly point out that a person’s body matters. But then they make the mistake of reducing men and women to their biology.

Be careful not to fall into this arena. Some faithful Catholics — in an otherwise laudable attempt to counter the first extreme position — act like there is no distinction at all between sex and gender.

Yet there are feminine men and masculine women. That doesn’t make them the opposite sex. But it does show that we understand the words “men” and “women” to encompass more than just biology.

There is one thing that both extremes have in common: They divorce the human body and soul. One side puts gender identity solely in the soul (although most of them probably wouldn’t use that term). The other side puts it solely in the body.

But what’s a Catholic to think?

It’s true that sex and gender are not the exact same thing. But they are not fully independent of each other. God made us with a body and soul. Your body and soul are a union and heavily influence each other. Your manhood or womanhood encompasses both.

Your manhood and womanhood overflow into your body and soul.

But even here there’s another distortion we need to address. Yes, men and women have different physical makeups and different callings. But some people place too much emphasis on these differences.

For example, the nature of men generally makes them more inclined to be the breadwinners of the family. But that’s not to say that women can’t or shouldn’t work.

God created you as a man or a woman for a reason. Instead of running away from that fact, learn to fully embrace who you are and the mission God has called you to. You’ll find true fulfillment only in His plan for you.

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Why We Call Jesus a “Bridegroom”

In Scripture, there are passages that refer to Jesus as a “bridegroom.” One of these is Mark 2:18–20:

“Now John’s disciples and the Pharisees were fasting; and people came and said to him, ‘Why do John’s disciples and the disciples of the Pharisees fast, but your disciples do not fast?’ And Jesus said to them, ‘Can the wedding guests fast while the bridegroom is with them? As long as they have the bridegroom with them, they cannot fast. The days will come, when the bridegroom is taken away from them, and then they will fast in that day.’”

Since all of Scripture is inspired by the Holy Spirit, it’s clear that God wants to communicate something to us through this revelation of Christ as the bridegroom.

Let’s dive deeper into the Bible to find out what this means.

The Old Testament portrays God’s relationship with Israel as a covenant.
In a covenant, God espouses Himself to His people. He uses marital language by promising them a fidelity that is unfailing and unconditional. Though His people were often faithless, He remained faithful. He is immutable and will never go against His word.

God formed covenants with His people by gathering them together into a community. The covenant was sealed through a variety of ritual gestures, such as the sprinkling of blood. This sealing was like a betrothal. Then the community would sit down to what was effectively a wedding feast.

God made different covenants throughout the Old Testament, including with Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and King David. When He spoke through the Old Testament prophets, He again used the language of marriage to represent His relationship with Israel.

The most striking example of this is the prophet Hosea, who was instructed to marry a harlot. God used this marriage to illustrate His relationship with His people. Israel at this time was the harlot, running after other nation’s gods. But God was the faithful bridegroom who always stood ready to welcome His bride back and make her holy and pure.

With some of the later prophets, God spoke of a coming new covenant. This covenant would signify an even more intimate relationship between God and His people. That, of course, was fulfilled with the coming of Christ.

The New Testament portrays Christ’s relationship with the Church as a marriage.
The first of Jesus’ public signs is when He turned water into wine at the wedding feast of Cana in John 2:1–11. With this gesture, Jesus not only blessed married love, but also symbolically hinted at His identity as bridegroom. That’s because during this time, the bridegroom’s role was to ensure there was enough wine for the guests.

It was at this wedding that Jesus said His “hour had not come.” This points toward His passion, death, and resurrection, where He would take His role as bridegroom to a new level. His fidelity to His bride — now the Church, the new Israel — extended so far to where He willingly died to redeem her. In many cultures, it’s the husband’s duty to lay down his life to protect his wife. Jesus perfectly embodies this sacrificial love.

With this, Christ establishes a new covenant with the Church, a new law that is simply the grace of the Holy Spirit. It opens the door to eternal union with God in heaven. It’s worth noting that the Scriptures compare the joy of heaven to the joy of a wedding feast.

The reason why there is no marriage between people in heaven is that each of us will be wed to Christ. Marriage on earth is a sign pointing to this communion with Christ. But you don’t need signs when you possess the reality.

God wants to be wholly yours and make you wholly His. How will you respond to this invitation?

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What Should Real Liturgical Reform Look Like?

Sixty years ago, the Second Vatican Council opened with an ambitious program of renewal for the Church. The first document it promulgated was the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy or “Sacrosanctum Concilium.”

The document itself presents a beautiful vision of liturgical reform. It certainly doesn’t condone all the odd liturgical experimentation that followed. It even seems to assume that there would still be some Latin in the Mass and that the priest and the congregation would still face in the same direction!

Yet after Vatican II, many clergy took their itching for novelty too far and created banal liturgies devoid of beauty and feelings of sacrality. They tried too hard to make the Mass “modern and relevant.”

But has it worked? Well, many parishes certainly aren’t as full as they once were. And young people are hardly to be seen.

This forces us to reconsider what real liturgical reform should look like. Here are a few points to ponder.

People are starving for the sacred and the beautiful.
Honestly, how can you expect people to take an hour out of their Sunday to go to Mass if it feels too much like everyday life? Are people more likely to attend if the music, art, or homily seem like something they’d experience at home or out in the world?

If there’s a rock band at Mass, it probably won’t be as good as their favorite secular band. The priest’s jokes will likely be subpar compared to their favorite comedians. Reducing the Mass to a social meal reminds people of the far more exciting brunch they’ll have afterward.

Basically, Mass will feel like a watered-down version of their everyday lives.

On the other hand, if you make the Sunday liturgy radically unlike daily secular life — if you emphasize the divine mysteries taking place at each Mass — you’re offering people a compelling reason to join in.

Modern life is exhausting. Consumerism has made us shallow. We long for the true, good, and beautiful. If we don’t get it at Mass, where else will we go?

Young people who do attend church are flocking to more traditional Masses.
Whether it’s a more reverent New Mass, the Traditional Latin Mass, or one of the sublime Eastern rites, young people seem to be showing up at “old-fashioned” Masses far more than the so-called “relevant” modern liturgies.

Why is this happening? Many clergies guaranteed that the new experiments in the liturgy (again, often not called for by Vatican II) would rejuvenate the Church. Young people would flood into the pews.

That didn’t happen. Many young Catholics are demanding a return to tradition. If the Church really wants to read the signs of the times, it should take note of this.

There’s a difference between participation and performance.
Many voices of liturgical reform claim that modern liturgies help people participate more authentically at Mass. That may be true for some people. Yet when you go to many of these parishes, you don’t usually see people more focused on the altar than in other Masses.

Yes, they may throw peace signs to each other at the Sign of Peace. But that’s a performance, not the deep interior and prayerful participation called for by Vatican II. Mass is not about doing more — it’s about entering more deeply into the Eucharistic sacrifice. The more reverent setting of, say, a Traditional Latin Mass makes it much easier to focus on Christ on the altar.

Beauty in the liturgy matters. It helps us raise our minds above the frustrations and cares of this world and get a foretaste of our heavenly home. If the Church wants to bring more people back to Mass, it needs to make beauty and reverence a major part of the program.

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What to Do If You Lose Focus During the Rosary

You kneel down to pray your rosary. Your heart is ready to be lifted up to our Lord and the Blessed Mother. You know that many graces come through the rosary to those who say it devoutly.

You make the Sign of the Cross and begin to pray. As you reach the third Our Father, you realize that you’ve spent most of the last decade of Hail Marys thinking about tonight’s dinner.

It’s easy to lose focus during the rosary. And it’s easy to be upset by this. Here are some things to try if your mind wanders as your fingers move along the beads.

1. Don’t beat yourself up.

Yes, you need to train yourself to be less distracted. But you’re human and you’re not going to get it right all the time. If you get overly worked up about your failures, you’ll become more distracted.

Being too perfectionistic can cause you to see God more as an angry judge than your loving Father in heaven. Remember that He looks upon you as His beloved child — a child who is trying to be good, but doesn’t have it all figured out. And no human has as caring and compassionate a heart as our Lady.

Holiness is a lifelong project, not a once-and-done action. St. Francis de Sales advises, “Have patience with all things, but chiefly have patience with yourself.”

 

2. Don’t have unreasonable expectations.

One trap a lot of people fall into is confusing the quality of their prayer with their feelings or state of mind during the prayer. It’s natural to want to feel happy, uplifted and at peace when praying. 

But feelings come and go and they don’t actually make your prayer more pleasing to God. If you spend time trying to work up profound feelings, your attention will shift from God to yourself.

 

3. Offer your distractions to God.

If you put too much trust in yourself when you pray, you will continually fail. If you put your trust in God, your rosary will bear more fruit.

Each time you realize you’re distracted during the rosary, immediately offer that distraction to God. Don’t spend any time dwelling on it.

It takes a lot of honesty, humility and the power of God to pray a good rosary. The next time you find yourself distracted, don’t fret. Turn back to God with the heart of a child. As long as you stay faithful to talking to Him, you will have His ear— despite your flaws.

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What to do if Your Children Leave the Church

Many devout Catholic parents are shocked to hear a son or daughter declare that they’re leaving the Church. This leads the parents to wonder what went wrong: “We took them to Mass every Sunday, shared God’s love with them and taught them the faith. Why did this happen?”

No matter how much you love your children, there’s nothing you can do to make their faith foolproof. Not even solid catechesis guarantees that — although it helps.

If your children do leave the fold, there’s no reason to give up hope. Follow these steps instead.

1. Pray the rosary.
The rosary is one of the most effective prayers. There are many stories of people reverting back to the Church through our Lady’s intercession. Remember, Mary was a mother. Yes, her son was God and perfect, but she can still relate to a parent’s distress.

Many Catholic parents don’t put as much effort into praying for their children as they should. Ultimately, it’s God’s grace that will bring them back to the faith. But God wants you to be part of this process by praying for your children.

2. Let your tears flow.
Don’t be ashamed to weep over your children. Just make sure you do it in the presence of God. Otherwise, your weeping will fuel your despair.

God sees your suffering in its full depth. He loves your children even more than you do. Remember St. Ambrose’s words to St. Monica as she wept over her wayward son, the future St. Augustine: “It is impossible that the child of so many tears should perish.”

3. Forgive your children and — if necessary — apologize to them.
It hurts when children leave the faith, but remember that God commands us to forgive all who have hurt us. This includes your children. Don’t forget how many times God has forgiven you!

While it’s hard to admit, it may be that your behavior played a part in your children’s decision. Some loving parents are too lax and neglect their children’s religious education. Others are too rigorous and cause their children to view religion as nothing more than arbitrary rules and regulations.

If you fit one of these models, make sure your children know you are sorry. Don’t pretend to be a perfect parent — none of us are! A little humility goes a long way.

Above all, remember that conversion is ultimately the work of God. The best we can do is plant seeds in our children’s hearts. It will be the Holy Spirit who waters those seeds in His own good time, which is not always as quickly as we would like!

We’ll leave you with the words of St. Padre Pio: “Pray, hope and don’t worry!”

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Could You Have Been Born From Different Parents?

Join us as we ponder a philosophical problem: If you were born from different parents, would you still be you?

Probably a few of you sighed and thought, “Of course I would be different. I would have had a happier childhood and thus become a happier adult.”

But we’re not asking whether you would be a better or worse version of yourself with different parents. We’re asking whether you would actually be a different person. In other words, can you (Scott, Sarah, or whatever your name is) exist in a different body produced by different parents and still be you?

Here are some things to think about before answering this question.

A human person is a composite of soul and body.
For St. Thomas Aquinas and most Catholic thinkers, we are both soul and body. We are not a soul trapped in a body. Nor are we a soulless body, the way many atheists see us.

This means we are incomplete without one or the other. It is only when soul and body are joined that we can claim to be completely human.

In light of this, it seems you would not be the same you if you were born of different parents in a different body. Your body is part of your identity.

But…

The human person transcends that composite of soul and body.
We are not merely the sum of those parts. Being a person is a more fundamental principle. God creates the soul out of nothing. There’s some act of God that’s individualized — an individual essence is created within your soul, one could say.

There’s the kind of thing we are — human — but then there’s the individual essence of the soul. With this understanding of personhood, it’s easier to imagine yourself inhabiting another body and yet still being you.

The problem of death.
When we die, our souls leave our bodies until they are reunited at the end of time. But is that bodiless soul a person?

In one sense, no. At least, it seems not to be a full person. But it also doesn’t make sense to call it half a person either. Whatever it is, it bears the individuality that we associate with “person.” When you die, the “you” is still present in your soul, but it’s limited since it doesn’t have a union with the body.

You probably noticed we didn’t give a straight answer to our initial question: Would you still be you if born of different parents? The reason the question is so difficult to answer is because of the ambiguity of the word “person.” Different understandings of that word lead to different answers.

Hopefully, we gave you some food for thought. It’s a fun philosophical question to ponder with friends and drinks by a warm winter fire.

 

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5 Remedies for Sorrow, According to Aquinas

Sadness is part of the human condition. But it wasn’t part of God’s original plan for humanity. God created us for happiness — both natural happiness on this earth and supernatural bliss in heaven. Sadness entered the world the moment our first parents fell from grace.

God has promised us eternal, total happiness in heaven. He has not promised an earthly life free of pain. In fact, Jesus pretty much guaranteed His followers that they would have to suffer for His name.

However, you can try to alleviate some of the sorrows you encounter in daily life. St. Thomas Aquinas offers a few helpful ways to make those gray clouds dissipate from your mind. Here they are:

1. Pleasure
Sometimes your sorrow is so great that you struggle to enjoy the pleasures of life. However, wholesome pleasures have a powerful healing effect on the soul.

Enjoy a good meal. Go for a walk. Read a book. Don’t let pain give you a cynical view of life. While we rightly decry the materialism of our age, we can use these God-given pleasures to increase our joy and peace.

2. Weeping
Because they know its healing effect, some people have an easier time weeping. Others hold it in. We’re especially looking at guys who think it’s “unmanly” to weep. Remember that the Bible records Christ Himself weeping.

Weeping cleanses our souls and helps us start afresh. While not every sad situation calls for weeping, don’t completely inhibit your tears.

3. The sympathy of friends
When you’re grieving, one of the greatest dangers is shutting yourself off from those who care about you. Granted, we all need some time to ourselves. Just don’t let it last too long. Otherwise, you’ll be left alone with your sad thoughts and God doesn’t want that!

4. Contemplating the truth
Thinking about the goodness and beauty of reality reminds you that sorrow doesn’t have the last word. Creation reveals God and His love. Christ took on our human nature to share His amazing plan of salvation.

Reading Scripture (especially the Psalms) and contemplating the great truths of our faith help us put our sadness in perspective.

5. A good bath and sleep
You thought St. Thomas was going to only give philosophical answers, didn’t you? For all his learning, he was a practical man. He wrote, “Sorrow, by reason of its specific nature, is repugnant to the vital movement of the body; and consequently whatever restores the bodily nature to its due state of vital movement, is opposed to sorrow and assuages it.” He then mentions a bath and sleep as great ways to alleviate sorrow.

Science backs the Angelic Doctor up, at least on the need for sleep. Try getting to bed at a reasonable time whenever you can. You’ll be surprised how much it helps!

Although they won’t banish all sorrow from your life, these remedies will help you manage it better, so you can live in the joy and love that God calls you to.

 

 

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A Powerful Scriptural Argument for the Papacy

There are dozens of points of contention between Catholics and Protestants. But they stand or fall on one fundamental question: Who or what has the ultimate authority to decide what Christians are to believe?

Protestants hold that Scripture alone is the ultimate authority in Christian life. Each Christian is responsible for reading the Scripture and determining its teaching.

Catholics say that the two sources of God’s revelation are Scripture and Tradition. The pope and the bishops in union with him have the authority to interpret this divine revelation for the Church.

But does Scripture support our belief in papal authority?

There are several passages we could point to, but we want to focus on the relationship between Matthew 16 and Isaiah 22.

Matthew 16:15–19
“He [Jesus] said to them, ‘But who do you say that I am?’ Simon Peter replied, ‘You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.’ And Jesus answered him, ‘Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jona! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the powers of death shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.’”

This passage seems to clearly show Jesus giving authority over the Church to Peter. But the case is made even stronger by a look at the Old Testament passage that prefigures Matthew 16.

Isaiah 22:20–23
“In that day I [God] will call my servant Eli′akim the son of Hilki′ah, and I will clothe him with your robe, and will bind your girdle on him, and will commit your authority to his hand; and he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah. And I will place on his shoulder the key of the house of David; he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open. And I will fasten him like a peg in a sure place, and he will become a throne of honor to his father’s house.”

Notice how God gives Eli′akim the key of the house of King David — a symbol of authority at that time. He becomes the chief steward of David’s house in the king’s absence.

His authority is absolute: “he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open.” Compare this to the giving of the keys to Peter in Matthew 16 and Jesus’ assurance that “whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.”

Why does this Old Testament passage matter?
Christians have always emphasized typology in Scripture. That means that people, places, and events in the Old Testament foreshadow people, places, and events in the New Testament.

This method of interpretation is justified in Scripture itself, when St. Paul refers to Christ as the “new Adam” (1 Corinthians 15:22). The Fathers of the Church build on this principle. St. Augustine said the “New Testament lies hidden in the Old and the Old Testament is unveiled in the New.”

Saints and theologians have traditionally seen Christ as the new King David and David’s kingdom as a prefigurement of the Church. Therefore, it makes sense to see Eli′akim as a prefigurement of Peter and the papacy. Jesus’ disciples would likely have understood the meaning of the “keys of the kingdom” in light of this Old Testament backdrop. After all, they were Jews who were familiar with the Old Testament prophecies.

If you’re not into typology, you may find this argument unconvincing. But if you are (and you’re in good company with many saints and theologians), then this is a powerful argument in favor of the papacy.

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3 Bad Arguments Against Catholicism

Non-Catholics have produced countless pamphlets, books, and videos “proving” that Catholicism is false. You may have a Protestant preacher claiming that Catholicism is nothing more than paganism with Christ added to the pantheon. And many secular skeptics often point to the Crusades or Inquisition as evidence that the Church has zero credibility.

Some non-Catholics do an okay job arguing their case. But many others use the same old oft-refuted explanations.

If you’re a non-Catholic, here are three arguments you should stop using because they are simply bad.

 

1. “Catholics worship Mary and the saints.”
No, we don’t. We worship God alone. Part of the confusion here stems from the definition of “pray.” For many Protestants, prayer is always an act of worship. When they see Catholics praying to Mary and the saints, they think we are worshiping them.

But to Catholics, the word “pray” simply means “to ask.” So when we pray to Mary and the saints, we are asking them to intercede for us. It’s no different than asking a friend on earth to pray for you.

We don’t worship statues, but we do treat them with the reverence many people show to a photo of a deceased family member. Not because the photo itself is alive or magical, but because it calls to mind those dear to us.

2. “Catholics believe you can earn heaven.”
Not true. This objection usually comes from Protestants who believe in salvation by faith alone through grace alone.

Catholics don’t believe in salvation by faith alone. We recognize that we have to exercise charity to grow in that faith and become more like Christ.

However, we do believe in salvation by grace alone. Our good actions are meritorious, but grace enabled us to perform them. Therefore, we cannot boast about our accomplishments. If we make it to heaven, it will be because of God’s grace and our free cooperation with it, but even that cooperation is performed under the influence of grace!

3. “There have been many evil popes, bishops, and priests.”
This is a convincing argument at first. Many of us judge an organization based on its leaders. And there’s no doubt that there have been some awful characters and events throughout the Church’s 2,000-year history.

But this argument is bad for a couple of reasons. First, it ignores the countless saints that have held the Church up even as others tried to tear it down. Few people can match the incredible charity of people like St. Francis of Assisi, St. Vincent de Paul, and St. Teresa of Calcutta — individuals who gave up everything to serve the poor.

Second, there have always been reformers within the Church to counter the actions of its less savory leaders. For example, take a look at all the saints that arose during the Counter-Reformation (or perhaps better called the Catholic Reformation) and led the Church to a new period of flourishing.

The truth of an institution’s claims does not depend on the holiness of its members. Remember that Christ included Judas Iscariot among His 12 apostles, knowing that Judas would betray Him. Jesus made it clear that the Church on earth would be full of saints and sinners.

If you wish to make a case against Catholicism, don’t use these worn-out arguments. They just don’t work anymore and are based on misunderstandings.

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Do You Really Have an Immortal Soul?

There are many different beliefs about what the soul is and whether we even have one. Atheists deny its existence since it can’t be discovered through our five senses or scientific experiments.

With the growing popularity of atheism, it’s a good idea to rationally examine your belief in an immortal soul to answer objections that may come your way.

The good news is that you don’t even need religion to demonstrate its existence! You simply need reason. That makes it much easier to debate an atheist who would otherwise dismiss your arguments as religious dogma.

Here’s how you know that you have an immortal soul.

First, what actually is the soul?
Consider a deer leaping through a field. Now think of that same deer dead on the side of the road. It’s the same collection of matter.

What’s the difference?

According to Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, the main difference is that the living deer has a soul and the dead deer does not. Aristotle sees the soul as the thing which unifies a bunch of matter, forms it into a living thing, and then serves as a springboard for all other acts. In the deer’s case, this means walking, running, leaping, and eating.

In other words, it’s the form that takes matter and makes it into a plant, animal, or person and directs the unfolding of their nature to a higher level of realization.

There are different kinds of souls.
All living things have souls, but not the same kind. Plants have vegetative souls. Animals have vegetative and sensory souls. Humans have vegetative, sensory, and rational souls.

Plants and animals don’t have immaterial, immortal souls. We know this because we don’t observe any sort of immaterial activity in these living beings. They show no evidence of rational thought or free will. They act on instinct based on sensory stimuli.

Since they don’t have immortal souls, plants and animals don’t continue to exist after they die. There’s no dog and cat heaven.

This is how you know you have an immortal soul.
You perform actions that transcend the material realm. Your soul has an intellect and will that are capable of reasoning and loving. While these activities make use of the body, they are fundamentally immaterial actions.

Think about a flower. While that concept relies on your previous sense experience of flowers, it’s universal and immaterial, abstracted from the particulars of many individual flowers. You may have an image of a small blue flower in your head, but your understanding of “flower” goes beyond it. Otherwise, you would think all flowers are small and blue.

Or, consider a triangle. You can form a concept of a perfect triangle, but how many people have actually seen perfect triangles in the world? While the imperfect triangles you encounter help you form the concept, that concept is an immaterial reality distinct from these sensible objects.

Since your soul is immaterial, it follows that it’s immortal. Death involves matter. Immaterial entities can only be destroyed by annihilation. We don’t have any way to annihilate souls and God has promised that He won’t erase us from existence.

Therefore, it seems we will persist forever. Better make the most of it!

 

 

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