Bernard Deacon's Blog

The butcher and the baker but not the candlestick maker

Just over one in 20 men and women in the Cornwall of the 1860s was recorded in the census as a shopkeeper, merchant or trader of some sort. These ranged from the humble itinerant hawkers peddling their trinkets from parish to parish, through innkeepers, grocers, drapers and other shopkeepers to merchants buying and selling a … Continue reading The butcher and the baker but not the candlestick maker →

Clothing the people: female manufacturers

Whereas 18 per cent of men in the Cornwall of the 1860s worked in manufacturing, this classification encompassing a broad range of activities, around 13 per cent of unmarried women were found in the same sector, but largely concentrated in just one branch – the production of clothing. However, that 13 per cent is probably … Continue reading Clothing the people: female manufacturers →

Cornish craftsmen in the 1860s

Nowadays fewer than one in five of the labour force are engaged in actually making things, in the sense of taking some raw materials and turning them into something else. The rest of us, if we are what economists call ‘active’, are instead selling stuff to each other, meeting demand for healthcare, education or hedonism, … Continue reading Cornish craftsmen in the 1860s →

Bal maidens

We have seen that Cornish mines employed 30 per cent of the male labour force in 1861. But they also employed several thousand women on the surface, breaking up rock, washing it or picking out ore from rock. There were over 5,000 of these, known as bal maidens, across Cornwall, amounting to just under nine … Continue reading Bal maidens →

A woman’s work is never done

Or should we say a woman’s work is never properly quantified? Putting aside the difficulty involved in differentiating (if indeed we should) between paid and unpaid work, the nineteenth century census returns are anything but consistent in their treatment of women’s occupations. However, if we take the descriptions in the census at face value, we … Continue reading A woman’s work is never done →

Those in peril on the sea: mariners in Victorian Cornwall

A region bordered on three sides by the sea might be expected to be home to a fair number of men described as mariners, seamen, sailors or Royal Navy personnel. In fact, in 1861 there were more of this description than there were fishermen, at least 2,514. ‘At least’ because we would expect a proportion … Continue reading Those in peril on the sea: mariners in Victorian Cornwall →

Finding fishermen in Victorian Cornwall

While the status of the miner on Cornwall’s coat of arms seems assured, warranted by their 30 per cent or so of the total workforce, that of fishermen is less secure. In contrast, the two per cent of the enumerated adult male labour force in 1861 who were described as fishermen suggests they were a … Continue reading Finding fishermen in Victorian Cornwall →

Digging for riches: not just miners but quarriers

Most modern employment classifications treat mining and quarrying as a single economic sector. So how many more workers did clay extraction and quarrying add to the mining and quarrying sector in 1861? The answer is not that many when compared with the dominant mining for copper, tin, lead and other minerals. While metal mines accounted … Continue reading Digging for riches: not just miners but quarriers →

Victorian Cornwall’s leading sector: metal mining

There was no question about Cornwall’s leading economic sector in the mid-1800s. In terms of income, productivity and employment it was metal mining. The early 1860s marked the peak of Cornish mining. Deep copper mining had broken out of its eighteenth-century heartland west of Truro in the 1810s, first to mid-Cornwall in the 1810s and … Continue reading Victorian Cornwall’s leading sector: metal mining →

The occupation Cornwall’s coat of arms forgot

In the 1930s Cornwall County Council officially adopted its coats of arms – the 15 bezants topped by a chough and flanked by a fisherman and a miner, the iconic male occupations of the nineteenth century. Yet, by that time this representation was already far from reality. While the chough was heading for temporary extinction, … Continue reading The occupation Cornwall’s coat of arms forgot →