Peter Cawdron's Blog, page 2

Lunar Codex

This isn’t an image from a movie. There are no special effects involved in this shot. It’s the shadow of the FireFly Blue Ghost after it landed on the Moon—and it’s carrying the Lunar Codex.

The Lunar Codex is a set of microfiche nickel discs and radiation-hardened flash drives designed to last anywhere from a hundred thousand to a million years on the surface of the Moon. It’s the brainchild of Dr. Samuel Peralta and includes work from 40,000 artists across 250 countries. The idea is to capture a snapshot of modern writing, poetry, painting, films, etc, beyond the regular Hollywood/big-corporation monoculture. I’m honored to have seven of my short stories on the Moon. All of these stories can be found in my anthology Hello World. 

If you watch the video of the Blue Ghost landing with the Lunar Codex onboard, it unfolds with the grace and beauty of a classic black-and-white movie. The last few seconds are utterly spectacular! 

Next week, my latest novel, The Minotaur, launches. It’s a tribute to the 1962 classic Solaris. If you’re looking for a wild ride into outer space, grab a copy!

Thank you for supporting independent science fiction. Your support of this novel makes the next one possible.

Why do we read fiction?

Why do we read fiction? It’s pretend. None of it is true. All the great stories from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein to Jane Austin’s Pride and Prejudice, whether it’s H.G. Well’s War of the Worlds or Arthur C. Clarke’s 2001 A Space Odyssey—they’re all made up. None of them are real. So why do they captivate us? Why do works of fiction capture not just our imagination but our hearts and minds?

As a science fiction author, it might surprise you to learn my favorite novel is John Green’s teenage romance The Fault in Our Stars. Is it perfect? No. In fact, I’d argue John wasn’t happy with the ending and did a rushed rewrite that left the story a little muddled. I suspect I have spotted the exact paragraph where the departure began, but still, it is absolutely brilliant. Why? Because it captures the essence of what it means to be human. Because it has piercing insights into what it means to be vulnerable.

We live our lives in solitude. We’re forever alone in a crowd. No one can ever really know us beyond our words and actions. No one can ever know the inner workings of your mind or mine. No one can ever experience life as we do. We’re trapped, unable to escape our own minds, unable to see through another’s eyes. Eight billion of us all share the same strengths and weaknesses. All eight billion of us will ever only know one life. That is… until we read.

In the words of George R. R. Martin, “A reader lives a thousand lives before he dies, while the man who never reads lives only once.”

Okay, but why read fiction?

If we want to live a thousand lives before we die, why not read biographies? Surely, those are actual lives. Why does fiction hold any merit over non-fiction? The answer is fascinating. It’s because even biographies suffer from the tunnel vision of our internal isolation. The biographer has to draw up details about a historic figure that represents their words and actions, not their heart and feelings, not their thinking and reasoning, not their foibles and misgivings. They’re forever watching from without, not from within.

Ah, but what about autobiographies. Surely, they’re better? On the contrary, autobiographies are worse. They’re self-indulgent. I’d argue that Christopher Hitchens was one of the greatest thinkers of the past century, second only to the likes of Oscar Wilde or perhaps T.S. Eliot and Bertrand Russell, but he was the worst person in the world to write about himself. Compared to his classics like The Trial of Henry Kissinger or Missionary Position or God is not Great, his autobiography lacks penetrating insights into his own nature. It’s a stroll through a summer garden resplendent with flowers instead of an arduous trek across the Sahara, fighting bandits along the way. He told us what he wanted us to hear, not what we needed to hear to understand how he developed his firebrand style of critical thinking.

And that leaves us with fiction…

So why does fiction work? All the characters come from one mind. How is that any better? On the surface, it seems as though it is the worst of all options, but fiction frees us from our inhibitions. Fiction is role-playing writ large. Fiction allows us to dabble with thoughts, feelings and emotions that challenge our souls. We live vicariously through the protagonist, and even when it is someone we find repulsive, like Humbolt in Lolita, there is an opportunity to understand the frailty and madness of what it means to be human. In Humbolt, we get to see the way a man distorts his perception of reality, glorifying and justifying his desires. We see his failure to understand the humanity of women and children, and that, in turn, allows us to learn more about ourselves.

Fiction is an exploration of the soul. In my writing, I explore the concept of First Contact with an intelligent extraterrestrial species, speculating on the nature of their development and interests, but I suspect First Contact will tell us more about ourselves than our guests.

T.S. Eliot once wrote, “We shall not cease from exploration. And the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time.” And I think the same is true of reading. When we pick up a book of fiction, we may soar to exotic planets or swim in the Mediterranean Sea—we may read of barons, robbers, thieves, lovers and villains, but when we close the final page, we come to know ourselves yet again for what feels like the very first time.

If you want to find yourself, you need to lose yourself in a great book.

The Danger of Artificial Intelligence

Whether it’s Grok, ChatGPT or Llama by Meta, AI is advancing at a rapid pace, and US President Donald Trump is throwing hundreds of billions of dollars at the technology to ensure America remains the world leader in AI.

The problem is that AI is getting so good that it’s nigh on impossible to spot when it’s wrong—and it is wrong a lot of the time, producing what are called “hallucinations” where it confidently presents fabricated information as though it were fact. Take, for example, this output from ChatGPT 4, where I asked it to provide an overview of my novels.

The first thing to note is that it did not list all of my books, which can be easily found on Amazon and Goodreads and in plenty of other places.

The second is that it fabricated a lie. And it did it with the utmost confidence. I haven’t written a novel called Enclave.

And it gets worse… when I started asking it about the novel Enclave, ChatGPT provided me with a five-page summary of the plot, major themes, characters, writing style and how it was received by critics.

And the book simply does not exist. It’s a complete hallucination!

Forget about SkyNet and the Terminator, this is the real danger of AI—it blurs the line between fact and fiction, between reality and fantasy.

In which other field would a 20% failure rate be acceptable?

No one would fly on a plane that crashed every 5th flight. No one would buy pizza from a restaurant where you regularly got food poisoning. AI is not fit for purpose. It shouldn’t be broadly in use and yet it is being rolled out everywhere. Even knowing that there are hallucinations is not good enough, as it’s impossible to tell which 20% is wrong. If a plane crashes, it’s clear to see there is a problem, but ChatGPT gives no clues as to when it is hallucinating. Its confidence in creating illusions is worthy of a magic show on Broadway.

We live in a post-truth world. Misinformation is an astonishing problem in the modern world. We’ve gone from the Information Age in the late 90s to the Misinformation Age, where lies convinced the UK to leave the EU, and the US elected a known felon as President instead of sending him to jail.

And now we have AI spreading random misinformation as though it were true. Fact is being blended with fiction and sold as truth—and that should alarm everyone.

We need to stop calling it Artificial Intelligence. It’s not intelligent. It is a blind aggregator of information with no regard for its veracity. To its credit, Grok provides links to its sources, so there is some hope for the integrity of the information, but this assumes the sources are credible. It would be a significant step forward if other AI platforms adopted a similar strategy. In the meantime, don’t assume AI is correct. That’s a dangerous position to take.

Breathe Easy

The pandemic has turned our world upside down. Misinformation has always been a problem in society, but during the pandemic, it became outright lethal. Grifters and conspiracy theorists have muddied the waters, causing people to doubt good science and leading them astray.

It can be challenging to know how to protect yourself and your family, but there are some simple things you can do, like wearing an N95 mask, and yet this can feel intrusive. Beyond that, there have been some astonishing breakthroughs with nasal sprays that have gone unnoticed by the media.

Viraleze has been around for several years, being developed as an antiviral nasal spray BEFORE the pandemic. When applied to COVID, the results were astonishing.

Within 30 seconds to 1 minute of exposure, SPL7013 [viraleze] achieved >99% reduction in infectious virus against Beta and Gamma variants, and >99.9% within 5 minutes, and for Alpha, >99.9% reduction in infectious virus within 30 seconds to 1 minute of exposure vs virus control.

Even once someone is infected, viraleze can reduce infection.

Less than 24 hours after starting dosing, Viraleze reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the nose by 80%

Now, it’s important to note that Viraleze is not a cure. COVID doesn’t remain in the nose, but Viraleze will reduce the load in one of the major areas where it does reproduce, and that seems to lessen the impact of the overall disease. Also, it is important to note: I’m an author, not a doctor or a scientist. Be sure to read the scientific research on the subject and talk to your doctor about what is best for you.

So why hasn’t this been more broadly adopted? I hate to buy into the “Big Pharma” conspiracies, but some conspiracies are true. For example, for decades, there really was a conspiracy to hide the impact of smoking on lung cancer. Here, it seems like it’s a case of a small company, Starpharma, being pushed out of the market.

Regardless, Viraleze is available in 30 countries. If you’re in the US or Australia, though, you need to purchase it from https://amazon.co.uk and then send it to a free UK postbox before forwarding it on to your personal address. Sounds a little convoluted, but it’s not difficult.

First, sign up for a free virtual postbox in the United KingdomYou’ll need to provide some ID, but it’s pretty straightforward and a UK government initiative so it’s completely legit and above boardThe service is free, meaning there’s no annual cost, but you will be charged £6 for each parcel that arrives at your postbox. If you don’t pay this, it will be thrown out after 30 days. I recommend putting £30 in your UK postbox account to cover (a) the incoming charge and (b) the postage to send the parcel to yourself elsewhere in the world. Look for top up in the top-right corner of the screen.Once you’re signed in, you can find your own unique address under Settings and Address Details.Click on Copy Address for the Parcel Courier at the bottom of the screen. When you order Viraleze from Amazon, this is where you want to send it, as this is your personal UK post box. I get 10-15 bottles at a time as Australia allows for a three-month personal supply, for me and my immediate family. Please note: it is illegal to sell anything you import. It can only be imported for your own personal use in your family. In a couple of days, your package will arrive at your UK post box and can be forwarded on to you. You’ll get an email telling you the package has arrived. sign in to the UK postbox and you’ll see there’s a new parcel waiting for you Go to the inbox and click on the parcel (so a blue check mark appears) and then click forward Enter your address and use International Parcels – Royal Mail (up to 2kg) and click ForwardThe next screen is a customs declaration form. Use the harmony code 3004900000 for medical supplies Complete the rest of the customs declaration You’ll need to sign the customs form with your mouse. So long as you have £20-30 in your account, that will be enough to cover the postage. To Australia, it costs £19 in postage. If you don’t have enough money in your account to cover postage the parcel will go into the pending folder and you’ll get sent an email as a reminder to top-up your account. Once it is on its way to you, you’ll still be able to view it under forwarded items. If you want to see a history of everything you’ve sent you’ll find that under sent

And that’s it. That’s how to purchase something from Amazon in the UK and have it sent anywhere in the world.

Viruses are a bitch.

Whether it’s COVID, RSV, Influenza, Bird Flu or even bacterial infections like Streptococcus, it’s nice to know there are barrier nasal sprays like Viraleze. I’m going to a concert next weekend and I’ll spray before and after the event—and have a great time dancing to Leon Bridges.

The Satiated Games

In 2008, Suzanne Collins published The Hunger Games and ignited interest in teen-dystopian literature. I read the first book and watched all the movies—and loved them.

When it comes to writing, be it self-publishing or traditional publishing, it is important to realize that publishing is NOT the Hunger Games.

Far too often, authors act as though they’re in competition with each other. They’re not.

Authors are competing in The Satiated Games.

Publishing books is not a zero-sum game like The Hunger Games. More sales for me doesn’t mean fewer sales for you—and vice versa. Look at the projected growth in ebook sales over the next few years—it’s an expanding market. More and more people are reading ebooks! In the past five years, sales have increased by a staggering two billion dollars!!!

As authors, we need to shift our perspective to understand where our competition actually lies. I’m not worried about other authors grabbing a reader’s attention—I’m competing with Xbox, Playstation, Netflix, Disney+, Candy Crush, Twitter and Facebook.

The book market alone accounts for 120 billion dollars. There’s plenty to go around. The real competition comes from gaming and the film industry. Why? Because all three require the most precious and costly resource of all—time. A book’s real cost isn’t in terms of dollars. The five bucks my books cost is paltry. It’s a burger and fries. The actual cost comes in the time it takes someone to read a book. And it’s an opportunity cost. If someone’s reading, they’re not streaming or playing games. So it’s a choice about where they spend their time. The question is, what satisfies people?

Being a person, I think I’m qualified to say people are satisfied with diverse forms of entertainment. It’s not that books, games or streaming services should dominate. All three can provide a balanced, healthy, entertaining mental diet.

Think about the last book you really enjoyed. What did it inspire? What was the impact? I suspect you came away satisfied. Far too often, modern entertainment is predicated on being unsatisfied. Streaming show episodes end on a hook to keep the viewer coming back. The intrigue is often without end (or meaning). Sometimes, the same is true of video games, where the goal is to keep players trapped in that world, selling expansion packs and building online gaming revenue. But a book. A good book satisfies the reader. A great novel leaves them feeling content. And a great book makes someone more likely to go looking for another great read.

First Contact

Back in the 1950s, Enrico Fermi asked the question, “Where is everyone?” By “everyone” he meant intelligent extraterrestrials—aliens. But why did he ask this question?

Fermi understood the power of compounding values. He knew humanity was accelerating in its mastery of science and was being inexorably propelled toward the stars. Within that decade, the Soviets launched the first satellite and then the first human into space. In response, the Americans put boots on the Moon barely a decade later.

To those alive at the end of the Second World War, it seemed as though the future had arrived all at once. Within the span of a hundred years, humanity had gone from ignorance about microbes and hygiene, ignorance about the origin of species on Earth, ignorance about the size of the universe (we thought there was just one galaxy—ours) and ignorance about physics to banishing polio and mastery of the atom.

Fermi understood the implications of such rapid progress. For a hundred thousand years, humanity had fought for survival as just another animal species. For nigh on ten thousand years, it had struggled with a fledgling sense of culture. From pyramids to the invention of the printing press, each step forward was accompanied with bloody wars. Slowly, the enlightenment dawned. Humans began to think and reason beyond mere selfishness and greed. By the time Fermi posed his question, it was obvious humanity was undergoing exponential growth in terms of scientific accomplishment. Fermi could see where we were heading and wondered why no one else had got there before us.

Fermi looked at the stars and realized a similar intelligent species would have long ago escaped the bounds of their planet. In the same way as Europeans spread to every continent, he reasoned aliens would have found some way to spread throughout the galaxy. In the same way our last hundred years has eclipsed the last hundred thousand, he knew the exponential nature of advancement should have spread intelligent life among the stars.

Seventy years later, NASA and SETI have search vast tracts of space and all we’ve found is silence. As disheartening as this might seem, Fermi’s Paradox is still somewhat premature.

Our ability to examine the stars is in its infancy. NASA scientists are quietly confident the James Webb Space Telescope will allow us to observe life around other stars, but even if it doesn’t, it’s important to understand the context of our search—we’re looking at one tiny corner of just one galaxy out of BILLIONS of other galaxies.

There are an estimated 10^23 or possibly 10^28 stars in the visible universe (that’s not to mention what we can see is only a fraction of what’s out there), but we have little to no capability of examining individual stars in other galaxies. Not finding life in our galaxy could be meaningless. As I write in my novel Galactic Exploration, it may be that our galaxy is akin to the polar regions on Earth—barely habitable. Other galaxies may be more like the African Savannah, teeming with life, and we simply wouldn’t know it as we have no way to see that far with the level of detail required to detect life.

That tiny blue dot marks the outer bounds of human radio waves. Anyone listening for us will be waiting an awfully long time and would require astonishingly sensitive instruments.

As a science fiction writer, I’ve written almost thirty novels on the concept of First Contact. As much as I’d like to imagine First Contact could unfold with intelligent extraterrestrials, the odds are against it. The safe bet is that the James Webb Space Telescope will find evidence of microbial life in the unbalanced chemical equations in the atmosphere of some distant planet. Certainly, that’s all anyone looking at Earth over the past four billion years would have ever seen.

So where are they? They’re undoubtedly out there. Our planet is proof life can and does exist in outer space. If we’ve made it this far, others may have as well. All we can do is keep looking and listening.

About the writer: Peter Cawdron is the author of several First Contact novels including 3ZEKIEL

Love, Sex and the Alien Apocalypse

Merry Christmas, Happy Hanukkah, and Grievous Festivus for the rest of us!

Thank you for your kind support of independent science fiction. I consider it an honor and privilege to be able to write the First Contact novels—and it’s avid readers like you that make it possible.

If you’re looking for something to escape the snow (in the northern hemisphere) or the sand (here in the south), check out Love, Sex and the Alien Apocalypse. Although the title sounds a little frivolous, it’s a serious look at First Contact and answers the question: What if we couldn’t fight back? What if an alien invasion was so overwhelming that we never even got a shot off? What if only a handful of people survived and they were hopelessly outgunned? What could make the difference between life and death?

I hope you enjoy this story as much as I did and wish you all the best over the holidays and into 2025

Cheers,

100 Free Scifi Ebooks

What are you doing this weekend? How about exploring a bunch of free ebooks to find some new authors? Fellow science fiction author Carolynn Gockel has arranged this bulk giveaway for two days only, so what are you waiting for? Dive into this smorgasbord of ebooks before it’s gone! There’s something for everyone.

The Absolute Best, Top Ten Science Fiction Books Ever Written!

Sorry to disappoint, but there’s no such list in this article. Any list like that is a work of fiction in itself.

As a culture, we’re obsessed with being #1 or having nice, neatly ordered lists of The Best Movies Ever, or the best books, etc, but these are a fallacy. You can have a #1 football team winning the Superbowl, but you cannot have a #1 book (even though Amazon and the New York Times try), and the reason is that it’s not a competition. Literature is not a game to be won or lost. It’s art.

Usain Bolt holds the record as the fastest man in the 100M sprint in the Olympics. Who came second? Third? What was the difference in their times? Milliseconds? No one knows. No one cares. All we, as a culture, care about is #1, and that’s really shortsighted.

Who was the first person to climb Mt. Everest, the highest mountain in the world?

The history books will tell you it was Sir Edmund Hillary, but Sir Edmund Hillary himself will tell you no such lie. He often spoke of reaching the summit at the same time as his sherpa, Tenzing Norgay. They both risked their lives in the attempt. They both helped each other. They needed each other. They both summited at the same time.

Who was the first person to walk on the Moon?

Again, the history books will tell you it was Neil Armstrong, but both Neil and Buzz touched down in the Eagle lunar module at exactly the same time. Both of them risked their lives in the attempt, as did Michael Collins in orbit around the Moon. They all needed each other. Neil hated being called the first man on the Moon because he knew it was a lie. Oh, they say, but he was the first one to walk on the surface? Really? Was he? Did the soles of his feet ever actually touch the lunar dust? Whether it was the landing pads on the Eagle or the thick rubberized boots protecting their feet, neither man actually ever touched the surface.

But we’re obsessed with firsts. We’re obsessed with lists. And it is to our detriment. Whenever some blogger posts a list of their top ten science fiction novels (and I’m guilty, I’ve done this myself), I lament what is lost. There are always the usual suspects in these lists, H.G. Wells, Arthur C. Clarke, Frank Herbert, etc., but what people forget is that there was a time when these works were unknown. Now, they crowd out other unknown works. Instead of encouraging people to read broadly and widely, readers are channeled into a narrow space we call The Classics and ignore anything that hasn’t been established for at least a decade or two.

What’s better? Sushi or steak? When you stop and think about it, the question itself is insulting. Ranking them is absurd.

I think of literature like ice cream. What’s your favorite flavor? It really doesn’t matter whether I agree with you or not because it is not a competition. No one flavor is better than another. We enjoy ice cream for what it is, regardless. Like books, ranking flavors is an exercise in futility. Today, I might enjoy mint. Tomorrow, caramel. Neither is right or wrong. Neither is better.

I hate the way books are rated on Amazon. I understand there’s a need to provide independent, objective insights to help other readers make up their minds about whether they might enjoy a novel, but the ranking system doesn’t cater for different tastes. Reviews are great, but even they are limited. In my experience, less than 2% of all readers leave a review, which means reviews do NOT represent the bulk of readers but rather the outliers (those who love or hate the book). It’s like reviewing ice cream. “Mint! It tastes like weeds in my garden. One star!” The subjective nature of one book to another makes comparisons largely meaningless. When I read reviews of my books, I learn far more about the reviewer than I do about the book itself!

I would love it if Amazon released objective stats about books rather than subjective ones. For example, Amazon tracks every page that is read in books within Kindle Unlimited. It would be fascinating if they published the average time people take to read a book, as that would tell you whether it’s compelling or only mildly interesting. Another fascinating statistic would be the drop-out rate. How many people read the entire book? How many get bored and move on to something else? Also, information such as “90% of those who read Hail Mary from cover to cover, also read XYZ from cover to cover.” Details like these would be far more useful than merely saying this book has 1000 reviews for an average of 4.2 stars while that one has 500 reviews for 4.3 stars, as that’s meaningless. There’s no context behind the stars.

I consider literature as art. It’s meaningless to compare the Mona Lisa to Monet’s Waterlilies or Picasso’s Sunflowers. They’re all stunning and wonderful and beautiful in their own right. Now, not every painting makes its way into a museum, so perhaps there is a degree of gatekeeping to narrow the field, and perhaps there are other, equally worthy paintings that never go on display, so there are no easy answers, but comparing them is futile.

Whatever you’re reading, I hope you’re enjoying it like an ice cream on a hot summer day

Life in Outer Space?

My thoughts on alien life are simple. Ask yourself this question: Is there life in outer space? 

This is where people think there’s some debate, but there’s actually no debate at all. The answer is an unequivocal yes.

We know with 100% certainty that there is life in outer space because there’s life on Earth, and Earth is in outer space. Now, it might sound as though I’m cheating you out of an answer, but this point is actually quite relevant. For thousands of years, our cultures and religions have been ego-centric, thinking of themselves as the center of everything. And so we see Earth as one thing and outer space as something else when that’s not true. Earth is a tiny planet in a modestly sized solar system, orbiting a rather ordinary star on a spiral arm of an unassuming galaxy that is one among roughly four hundred billion other galaxies. The real question is… Is there any other life in outer space? And the answer is, if there’s life here, there’s no reason to assume there couldn’t be life elsewhere. 

Statistically, it would be highly unlikely that Earth is the only place with life/intelligent life.

Think about how rare black holes are compared to stars. Then think about how rare it is for two black holes to collide. When the LIGO gravitational wave detector was first set up, the team thought that, if they were lucky, they might observe one or two collisions a year. When the scientists switched LIGO on, they found four collisions in the first week! And LIGO can only detect gravitational waves from a very small band of black holes, not all black holes, and yet the universe is ringing with these collisions happening all the time!

What this highlights is how, when you have astronomically large numbers, even rare events can be quite common. It sounds contradictory, but the same holds true for things like people dying from falling off a ladder or slipping over in the bathroom. You or I would consider this a rare, unlikely event, but 45,000 people die from falls in the US each year. It’s not that bathrooms and ladders are inherently dangerous so much as that there’s an astronomically large population of 330,000,000 people in the US, so this seemingly rare event (0.0015%) is actually quite common.

When you consider the size of the universe, there are 10^26 stars, that’s 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars! So how frequent is life? Well, it is at least one in 10^26 as we’re here, but is it really that low? What if it was astonishingly rare, occurring only around one in a billion stars? Although that sounds rare, if it were true, then there would be 200 instances of life arising in just our galaxy alone as we have somewhere around 200 billion stars!

Or what if life was rarer still, at just one in a trillion stars? Well, then there would still be 100,000,000,000,000,000 planets teeming with life in the universe (10^17), but being one in a trillion, there would only be one in our galaxy (as we only have around 200 billion stars, so we’d be an outlier). 

In short, I think there is no reason not to think there’s life elsewhere; it’s probably just so remote we’ll never find it, given the sheer size of the universe. Jill Tartar, the head of NASA SETI, said, “If you equate all the stars in the universe to the oceans of the world, then we’ve searched the equivalent of a bathtub looking for life.”

I suspect life is out there, but I doubt we’ll ever find it. If our bathtub is on the shore of a small bay on the coast of Norway, and life is teeming in the Pacific, it’s likely we’ll never see it at all. 

Imagine you’re an extraterrestrial looking for other intelligent life forms in the galaxy, and you suspect there’s someone like us out there, so you decide to listen for us. What would you hear? Nothing. That tiny blue dot in the image below is the extent of how far our radio and television have reached. Unless ET was in a nearby star, something that doesn’t seem likely, they’d have no idea about us for thousands to tens of thousands of years. Given our galaxy is 100,000 light-years in diameter, if they’re holding a party on the other side of the Milky Way, and even if they had sensitive enough equipment, they won’t know about us for a very long time.

Is there life in outer space? Yes—us! Is there any other life in outer space? Probably, but it may be so isolated that it’s impractical to ever detect, let alone visit.