Moniek Bloks's Blog, page 89
February 16, 2023
Royal Jewels – The New Zealand Silver-fern Brooch
The New Zealand Silver-fern brooch is “set with brilliants and baguettes as a frond of silver tree fern.”1
It is one of the most recognisable national emblems of New Zealand, and it was given to Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 by the women of Auckland. This happened during her visit to New Zealand, which was also the first visit by any reigning monarch.
The gift was presented to Queen Elizabeth II by Lady Allum, the wife of the Mayor of Auckland. She also chaired the committee that raised the money to buy the brooch for the Queen and to pay for the reception. The money that was left was donated to the Westminster Abbey Restoration Fund.2
By Archives New Zealand – CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia CommonsQueen Elizabeth wore it immediately in January 1954, shortly after it was presented and wore it many times after. Queen Elizabeth has also worn it combined with poppies.
Embed from Getty ImagesIn 2014, the brooch was worn by the then Duchess of Cambridge during her visit to New Zealand with her husband and son.
Embed from Getty ImagesThe post Royal Jewels – The New Zealand Silver-fern Brooch appeared first on History of Royal Women.
February 14, 2023
Empress Xiaoxian Donggo – The Shunzhi Emperor’s true love
Empress Xiaoxian Donggo was one of the most controversial figures in Chinese history. She was the third Empress of The Shunzhi Emperor. She was also his greatest love. Empress Xiaoxian Donggo was originally the wife of the younger brother of Emperor Shunzhi. Yet, Emperor Shunzhi was so besotted with her that it didn’t stop him from sacrificing his brother’s life to take his sister-in-law as his consort. Emperor Shunzhi loved her so much that he tried to make her his Empress during her lifetime. When she died, he was so distraught that he tried to become a Buddhist monk. Thus, the relationship between Emperor Shunzhi and Empress Xiaoxian Donggo is one of the most tragic love stories in Chinese history.
On 1 January 1639 C.E., Empress Xiaoxian was born in Liaoning.[1] She was from the Donggo clan, which was a prominent noble Manchu family. Her father, Eshuo, was the Grand Minister of the Imperial Household Department of the Plain White Banner.[2] She was beautiful and intelligent.[3] When she was sixteen, Lady Donggo became the wife of Prince Xiang Bombogur (the younger brother of Emperor Shunzhi).[4]
It is uncertain when Emperor Shunzhi fell in love with his brother’s wife.[5] It was said that Emperor Shunzhi was agonizing over his two failed marriages when he suddenly had a chance encounter with his sister-in-law.[6] Emperor Shunzhi immediately fell in love with her and desired to have her for himself.[7] Emperor Shunzhi ordered Prince Xiang Bombogur to commit suicide.[8] On 12 October 1656 C.E., Princess Donggo entered the palace and was made Virtuous Imperial Consort. On 19 January 1657 C.E., Consort Donggo was quickly promoted to Imperial Noble Consort. Emperor Shunzhi held a grand ceremony for her that was similar to an empress’s crowning ceremony, and a general amnesty was issued.[9]
Even though it cost him his brother’s life, Emperor Shunzhi finally enjoyed a happy marriage with Imperial Noble Consort Donggo.[10] They shared a love of books and often discussed state affairs.[11] Emperor Shunzhi was greatly influenced by her ideas and often followed her advice.[12] Thus, Imperial Noble Consort Donggo heavily influenced Emperor Shunzhi’s ideology on how to rule the nation.[13] Imperial Noble Consort Donggo became Emperor Shunzhi’s sole favourite and shared powers with Empress Alatan Qiqige within the imperial harem.[14] Therefore, Imperial Noble Consort Donggo ran both the state and the imperial harem.
On 12 November 1657 C.E., Imperial Noble Consort Donggo gave birth to Emperor Shunzhi’s fourth son. Emperor Shunzhi was so ecstatic that he made Imperial Noble Consort Donggo’s son a prince of the first rank and the heir apparent.[15] In 1658 C.E., Empress Xiaozhuangwen fell ill. Consort Donggo nursed Empress Xiaozhuangwen day and night until she finally recovered.[16] However, Empress Alatan Qiqige did not visit her mother-in-law while she was sick.[17] This gave Emperor Shunzhi the excuse to depose his Empress.[18] He declared Empress Alatan Qiqige to be unfilial.[19] When his ministers and Empress Xiaozhuangwen learned that Emperor Shunzhi meant to depose Alatan Qiqige and make Consort Donggo the Empress, they protested against it. It was not until Imperial Noble Consort Donggo refused the Empress position and pleaded for Empress Alatan Qiqige by saying, “If Shizu abolished the Empress, she would definitely not dare to survive.” [20] Thus, Emperor Shunzhi had no choice but to stop his Empress’s deposition.[21]
On 25 February 1658 C.E., Imperial Noble Consort Donggo’s son died. The imperial couple both grieved the death of their beloved son whom all their hopes and dreams had rested.[22] Imperial Noble Consort Donggo never got over her son’s death. Instead, she continued to sink further into depression.[23] She fell ill and died on 23 September 1660 C.E. She was twenty-two years old.
Emperor Shunzhi was so distraught over Imperial Consort Donggo’s death that he did not conduct any state affairs for five days.[24] Emperor Shunzhi’s deepest regret was that he could not make Imperial Noble Consort Donggo his Empress during her lifetime.[25] Therefore, he made her his posthumous Empress.[26] She became Empress Xiaoxian Donggo. Emperor Shunzhi gave Empress Xiaoxian Donggo a grand funeral. Emperor Shunzhi punished people who did not show an ounce of grief for Empress Xiaoxian Donggo.[27] He also ordered palace maids and eunuchs to die with her so they could serve her in the afterlife.[28]
Emperor Shunzhi never got over Empress Xiaoxian Donggo’s death. He tried to commit suicide but was stopped by his attendants.[29] Therefore, he was constantly watched by his servants to make sure he did not make any suicidal attempts again.[30] Realizing that he could not commit suicide, Emperor Shunzhi shaved his head and tried to become a Buddhist monk.[31] However, his ministers persuaded him to continue his duties as an emperor, and he was forced to regrow his hair.[32] Still, Emperor Shunzhi continued to fall deeper into depression.[33] Emperor Shunzhi followed Empress Xiaoxian Donggo in death four months later.[34] He died of smallpox on 5 February 1661 C.E. He was twenty-four years old. Emperor Shunzhi was buried with Empress Xiaoxian Donggo in the Eastern Qing Mausoleum.[35]
Even though Emperor Shunzhi had to sacrifice his brother to get the woman he wanted, Emperor Shunzhi was finally able to have the happy married life he yearned for. Empress Xiaoxian Donggo was his choice, and he was able to shower his affections on her without restraint. His deepest regret in life was that he could never make her his Empress while she was alive. He never got over her death and wanted to retire as a monk to grieve for his beloved. Because he could not do that as an emperor, he only wanted to follow her in death. Therefore, Empress Xiaoxian Donggo made a profound effect on The Shunzhi Emperor. She influenced him in politics and helped run the imperial harem. Without Empress Xiaoxian Donggo, The Shunzhi Emperor was lost. He died at an early age because he greatly mourned the loss of her death. It is no wonder why The Shunzhi Emperor’s lasting legacy is his love for Empress Xiaoxian Donggo.[36] Their love story has touched the hearts of China.
Sources:
Inf.news. (n.d.). “Empress Xiaohuizhang was 21 years old as Empress Dowager, not favored by Emperor Shunzhi, but for 57 years as Empress Dowager”. Retrieved on 18 September 2022 from https://inf.news/en/history/992fa1afb....
McMahon, K. (2016). Celestial Women: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Song to Qing. NY: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Zhang, X. & Zhang, W. trans. (2015). “Empress Xiao Xian of the Donggo Clan”. Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911 (1st ed.). (L. X. H. Lee, Ed.; C. Lau, Ed.; A.D. Stefanowska,. Ed.; S. Wiles, Asst. Ed.) NY: Routledge. pp. 344-347.
[1] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[2] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[3] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[4] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[5] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[6] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[7] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[8] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[9] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[10] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[11] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[12] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[13] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[14] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[15] McMahon, 2016
[16] McMahon, 2016
[17] McMahon, 2016
[18] McMahon, 2016
[19] McMahon, 2016
[20] Inf. news, n.d., “Empress Xiaohuizhang was 21 years old as Empress Dowager, not favored by Emperor Shunzhi, but for 57 years as Empress Dowager”, para. 9
[21] McMahon, 2016
[22] McMahon, 2016
[23] McMahon, 2016
[24] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[25] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[26] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[27] McMahon, 2016
[28] McMahon, 2016
[29] McMahon, 2016
[30] McMahon, 2016
[31] McMahon, 2016
[32] McMahon, 2016
[33] McMahon, 2016
[34] Zhang and Zhang, 2015
[35] McMahon, 2016
[36] McMahon, 2016
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Queen Charlotte’s Bridgerton story comes to Netflix
Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story will soon be released on Netflix.
The release date has been set for 4 May 2023. According to Netflix, it will be “Centered on Queen Charlotte’s rise to prominence and power, this Bridgerton-verse prequel tells the story of how the young Queen’s marriage to King George sparked both a great love story and a societal shift, creating the world of the Ton inherited by the characters in Bridgerton.”
See the teaser trailer below:
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Queen Mary’s Crown removed from the Tower
Queen Mary’s Crown has been removed from the Tower of London for modification work ahead of the coronation.
Photo by Handout/Royal Collection Trust via Getty ImagesQueen Mary’s Crown will be used for the coronation of Queen Camilla. It is the first time in recent history that an existing crown will be used for the coronation of a consort. Some minor changes will be made to pay tribute to Queen Elizabeth II. The Crown will be reset with the Cullinan III, IV and V diamonds, which were a part of Queen Elizabeth II’s personal jewellery collection.
Embed from Getty ImagesFour of the Crown’s eight detachable arches will be removed to give a different look.
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February 12, 2023
Book Review: Princess Olga of Yugoslavia by Robert Prentice
Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark was born on 11 June 1903 as the daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia. She had two younger sisters, Princess Elizabeth (later Countess of Toerring-Jettenbach) and Princess Marina (later Duchess of Kent).
Olga married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia in 1923, and they went on to have three children together. Paul became Regent of Yugoslavia for the underage King Peter II from 1934 until 1941. The situation around the Second World War and the Axis Tripartite Pact would lead to Paul being removed from power. He and Olga were sent to Kenya, where they were kept under house arrest. They were not allowed to return to Europe until several years after the war had ended. Olga was widowed in 1976 and began spending more time with her sister in the United Kingdom. She had Alzheimer’s disease in her final years, and she died at the grand age of 94 in 1997.
Princess Olga of Yugoslavia by Robert Prentice is the first complete English biography of Princess Olga. The book delves deep into Olga’s life with numerous letters, quotes and insights from the people around her. You can certainly tell that the author has done his research, and he manages to bring Olga to life in a way that hasn’t been done before. I enjoyed reading about the early years of the Second World War in Yugoslavia as I wasn’t very familiar with it. The only downside to the book for me is the continued use of nicknames for the royals and even switching between their names and nicknames in the very same sentence, which sometimes made it very difficult to focus. However, overall I would highly recommend this book, and I am very glad that someone has written about Olga.
Princess Olga of Yugoslavia by Robert Prentice is available now in the UK and the US.
The post Book Review: Princess Olga of Yugoslavia by Robert Prentice appeared first on History of Royal Women.
February 10, 2023
Book Review: Royal Greenwich: A History in Kings and Queens by Pieter van der Merwe
Greenwich has a lot of royal history – dating back to the now long-gone Tudor palace. The palace was the place where future Queens Mary I and Elizabeth I were born, among others. Unfortunately, it fell into disrepair during the English Civil War and was eventually demolished. Only the Queen’s House, completed in the 1630s, still stands and was used as a royal residence, and it now forms part of the National Maritime Museum.
Perhaps it is no surprise that the author Pieter van der Merwe worked for the National Maritime Museum. Royal Greenwich leads us through the history of Greenwich through the eyes of the successive monarchs. The illustrations and portraits are all wonderful and truly add to the experience. I also enjoyed the design of the book, with the page edges in different colours for the different royal houses. You can tell that the author is quite knowledgeable about Greenwich, and he manages to convey the story in a compelling manner.
There were just three errors in the royal history itself. First, Margaret Tudor is mentioned as having married James V of Scotland and being the mother of Mary, Queens of Scots. In truth, she married James IV and was the mother of James V, and thus the grandmother of Mary, Queen of Scots. The second is that King William III is mentioned as being his wife Mary’s second cousin when they were really first cousins. And the third is that Queen Victoria is listed under the “House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha” she was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover, even though she had married into the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In contrast, Queen Anne, who married Prince George of Denmark, is listed under the House of Stuart (as she should be).
Overall, this is an excellent look at the history of Greenwich, and I would highly recommend it, despite the three errors.
Royal Greenwich: A History in Kings and Queens by Pieter van der Merwe is available now in the US and the UK.
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Princess Marie-Gabrielle of Luxembourg has died at the age of 97
The Grand Ducal court has announced the death of Princess Marie-Gabrielle of Luxembourg today at the age of 97.
Marie-Gabrielle was born on 2 August 1925 as the fourth child and third daughter of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and her husband, Prince Felix. She was the last surviving child of the couple.
In 1951, Marie-Gabrielle married Count Knud of Holstein-Ledreborg, and they went on to have seven daughters together. She was widowed in 2001.
Funeral arrangements will be announced in due course.
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February 9, 2023
Royal Jewels – The Williamson Diamond Brooch
The Williamson Diamond Brooch is “designed in the form of a jonquil set with brilliants, marquises and baguettes, the centre of the flower with a large pink brilliant.”1
Embed from Getty ImagesThe large pink centre stone is 23.6 carats and is believed to be the finest pink diamond to ever be discovered. It was discovered in October 1947 in the Mwadui mine in Tanzania, which was owned by Dr John Thorburn Williamson. He presented the diamond to the then Princess Elizabeth for her wedding the following month.
In early 1948, the diamond was cut as a brilliant and the stone was set in a platinum brooch in 1953. Williamson had wanted to add further pink diamonds to it, but when these were not discovered, he added 170 small brilliant, 12 baguettes and 21 marquises.
Most notably, the late Queen wore the brooch for the weddings of the Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer and Viscount Linley and the Hon. Serena Stanhope and Prince Edward and Sophie Rhys Jones.
Embed from Getty ImagesEmbed from Getty ImagesEmbed from Getty ImagesThe post Royal Jewels – The Williamson Diamond Brooch appeared first on History of Royal Women.
New Netflix documentary – African Queens: Njinga
A new documentary about Queen Njinga of Angola is coming to Netflix next week.
The synopsis reads, “From Executive Producer Jada Pinkett Smith comes a new documentary series exploring the lives of prominent and iconic African Queens. The first season will cover the life of Njinga, the complex, captivating, and fearless 17th-century warrior queen of Ndongo and Matamba, in modern-day Angola. The nation’s first female ruler, Njinga earned a reputation for her blend of political and diplomatic skill with military prowess and became an icon of resistance.
The documentary is set to be released on 15 February.
The post New Netflix documentary – African Queens: Njinga appeared first on History of Royal Women.
February 7, 2023
Empress Erdeni Bumba – The only deposed Empress of the Qing Dynasty
Empress Erdeni Bumba is one of the most tragic and forgotten empresses in Chinese history. She was the only Empress of the Qing Dynasty to be deposed. Empress Erdeni Bumba had been engaged to the Shunzhi Emperor since childhood. However, once they married, they were deeply unhappy with each other. She was Empress for two years until Emperor Shunzhi decided to depose her. Since her deposition, her aftermath has been shrouded in mystery.
Empress Erdeni Bumba was born in 1638 C.E.[1] Her father was Empress Xiaozhuangwen’s brother named Uskan. During her childhood, Dorgon (the Regent of China) personally chose her as a bride for Emperor Shunzhi.[2] On 8 February 1651 C.E., Empress Xiaozhuangwen formally selected her to be Empress to her son, Emperor Shunzhi.[3] Her father escorted her to the capital. Once she arrived at the palace, Erdeni Bumba was given the Empress crown, which consisted of thirteen pearls, a central palace, and golden robes that were made solely for the Empress.[4] On 27 September 1651 C.E., Erdeni Bumba married Emperor Shunzhi and was crowned Empress of China. During her crowning ceremony, it was said that Empress Erdeni Bumba looked “pretty and bright.”[5]
Since the beginning of their marriage, Empress Erdeni Bumba and Emperor Shunzhi did not get along. Empress Erdeni Bumba was the wife his mother had chosen for him, and she was not his choice of wife.[6] Therefore, he was very unhappy with his Empress.[7] On 14 October 1653 C.E., Emperor Shunzhi began to look through historical records of how past emperors deposed their empresses.[8] This was a sign to his ministers that he meant to officially depose Empress Erdeni Bumba.[9] The ministers begged him not to depose the Empress, but Emperor Shunzhi refused to listen. He issued an imperial edict that “the Empress was incompetent and should be discarded.”[10]
Emperor Shunzhi gave two reasons for her deposition.[11] The first reason he gave was that Empress Erdeni Bumbai loved extravagance and luxury.[12] Emperor Shunzhi claimed that she always wore the Empress’s robes in his presence and was always decorated with jade and pearls.[13] He also claimed that her dining utensils had to be made of gold.[14] If her utensils were not made of gold, “she would lose her temper.”[15] This was not a good reason to depose his Empress.[16] Erdeni Bumba was Empress, and it was expected of her to live an extravagant lifestyle.[17] Emperor Shunzhi’s Consort Donggo would live a more extravagant lifestyle than Empress Erdeni Bumba.[18] However, the main difference would be that Emperor Shunzhi loved Consort Donggo but not Empress Erdeni Bumba.[19] Emperor Shunzhi knew this reason for demoting the Empress was not good enough, so he created a second reason.[20]
Emperor Shunzhi then claimed that Empress Erdeni Bumba was jealous and possessive.[21] He claimed that if she found a consort who was deemed pretty, she would torture her and try to kill her.[22] This statement seemed to be false because Emperor Shunzhi already had children with his other consorts.[23] This fact does not align with Emperor Shunzhi’s claim that the Empress was a jealous wife. She knew her position as Empress would require Emperor Shunzhi to have other consorts.[24] The real reason why Emperor Shunzhi wanted to demote her was that she was his mother’s choice and not of his own choosing.[25] This deposition of Empress Erdeni Bumba was a result of the tension between Emperor Shunzhi and his mother, Empress Xiaozhuangwen.[26]
On 15 October 1653 C.E., Emperor Shunzhi officially deposed Empress Erdeni Bumba.[27] He made her Consort Jing.[28] She was Empress of China for two years. Therefore, the Empress position was vacant. After the Empress’s deposition, he notified his mother, who was deeply unhappy with the situation.[29] On 17 October 1653 C.E., he issued an edict. It read:
“Through the ages, Emperors have carefully chosen their Empresses so they could assist in domestic affairs and set a good example to the people as a mother figure. This present Empress of mine, however, was assigned to me by Prince Rui (Dorgon, the former Regent of China) in my childhood. The marriage was therefore made out of kinship rather than by careful selection. She has not been on good terms with me since she was crowned two years ago. She is not good enough to serve me or my subordinates. She is not suitable to be the mother of my offspring, and I thus informed the Empress Dowager on 15 October that I have demoted the Empress to Jingfei and sent her to live in the side chamber.”[30]
After the Empress’s deposition, the royal family gathered to discuss who will be the new Empress.[31] They chose Empress Erdeni Bumba’s niece, Alatan Qiqige, to be the next Empress. Emperor Shunzhi had no choice except to marry her. He neglected Empress Alatan Qiqige and tried to depose her at one point. Ever since Empress Erdeni Bumba was deposed and was made Consort Jing, there has been no official record of what happened to her afterwards.[32] There is not even a mention of her death or where she was buried.[33]
One historical document titled The Records of the Li Dynasty claimed Empress Erdeni Bumba was pregnant with Emperor Shunzhi’s child during her deposition.[34] Once she was deposed, Emperor Shunzhi allowed her to return to her homeland in Mongolia.[35] As soon as she arrived in Mongolia, she gave birth to a son.[36] However, many historians question the veracity of this information.[37] If Empress Erdeni Bumba was pregnant, it would have been recorded in the Qing Dynasty’s official records.[38] Instead, many historians believe that she was sent to the cold palace after her deposition and spent the rest of her life in that desolate place.[39] They also believe that she was buried in the Qing Dynasty’s Eastern Mausoleum in Hebei Province.[40]
Empress Erdeni Bumba was a tragic figure. She was the Empress of China for two years, but she never got along with her husband. We do not know how she was as Empress because all that is left are her husband’s accusations against her.[41] She was deposed because the marriage was not of Emperor Shunzhi’s choice but was his mother’s.[42] Therefore, Empress Erdeni Bumba’s deposition seems to be an act of retaliation against his mother for absolute power.[43] Empress Erdeni Bumba was most likely an innocent pawn in the power struggle between mother and son.[44] In the end, Empress Erdeni Bumba paid the price for Emperor Shunzhi’s ambitions. She died lonely and forgotten.[45]
Sources:
Laitimes.(January 17, 2022). “The only deposed empress of the Qing Dynasty, who did not take the emperor seriously, was expelled from the palace with a child?” Retrieved on September 4, 2022 from https://www.laitimes.com/en/article/1....
McMahon, K. (2016). Celestial Women: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Song to Qing. NY: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Yu, S. & Wong, G. C. Y. trans. (2015). “The Abandoned Empress of the Borjigit Clan”. Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911 (1st ed.). (L. X. H. Lee, Ed.; C. Lau, Ed.; A.D. Stefanowska,. Ed.; S. Wiles, Asst. Ed.) NY: Routledge. pp. 342-343.
[1] Yu and Wong, 2015
[2] Yu and Wong, 2015
[3] Yu and Wong, 2015
[4] Yu and Wong, 2015
[5] Yu and Wong, 2015, p. 343
[6] McMahon, 2016
[7] McMahon, 2016
[8] Yu and Wong, 2015
[9] Yu and Wong, 2015
[10] Yu and Wong, 2015, p. 343
[11] Yu and Wong, 2015
[12] Yu and Wong, 2015
[13] Yu and Wong, 2015
[14] Yu and Wong, 2015
[15] Yu and Wong, 2015, p. 343
[16] McMahon, 2016
[17] McMahon, 2016
[18] McMahon, 2016
[19] McMahon, 2016
[20] Yu and Wong, 2015
[21] Yu and Wong, 2015
[22] Yu and Wong, 2015
[23] McMahon, 2016
[24] Yu and Wong, 2015
[25] McMahon, 2016
[26] McMahon, 2016
[27] Yu and Wong, 2015
[28] Yu and Wong, 2015
[29] Yu and Wong, 2015
[30] Yu and Wong, 2015, p. 343
[31] Yu and Wong, 2015
[32] Yu and Wong, 2015
[33] Yu and Wong, 2015
[34] Laitimes, 17 January 2022, “The only deposed empress of the Qing Dynasty, who did not take the emperor seriously, was expelled from the palace with a child?”
[35] Laitimes, 17 January 2022, “The only deposed empress of the Qing Dynasty, who did not take the emperor seriously, was expelled from the palace with a child?”
[36] Laitimes, 17 January 2022, “The only deposed empress of the Qing Dynasty, who did not take the emperor seriously, was expelled from the palace with a child?”
[37] Laitimes, 17 January 2022, “The only deposed empress of the Qing Dynasty, who did not take the emperor seriously, was expelled from the palace with a child?”
[38] Laitimes, 17 January 2022, “The only deposed empress of the Qing Dynasty, who did not take the emperor seriously, was expelled from the palace with a child?”
[39] Laitimes, 17 January 2022, “The only deposed empress of the Qing Dynasty, who did not take the emperor seriously, was expelled from the palace with a child?”
[40] Laitimes, 17 January 2022, “The only deposed empress of the Qing Dynasty, who did not take the emperor seriously, was expelled from the palace with a child?”
[41] Yu and Wong, 2015
[42] McMahon, 2016
[43] McMahon, 2016
[44] McMahon, 2016
[45] Laitimes, 17 January 2022, “The only deposed empress of the Qing Dynasty, who did not take the emperor seriously, was expelled from the palace with a child?”
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