K. Lang-Slattery's Blog, page 9

Marthe Cohn, Behind Enemy Lines

Last year in the end of December, I was able to attend a talk by Marthe Cohn, holocaust survivor and French spy.

The Battle of Saint-Malo in World War II

Ever since I first visited Saint-Malo with my daughter in 1998, I have wanted to return.  It is a beautiful old walled city on the Brittany coast of France where extreme tides create a dynamic backdrop. However, it was not until last year when I read All the Light We Cannot See, by Anthony Doerr, that I realized this beautiful city was decimated during World War II by Allied artillery and bombs. Why?  Because it was the location of a heavily defended Nazi fort that refused to withdraw. 

[image error]I have just spent three weeks in a village near Saint-Malo and a few days ago I was able to visit the fort, now known as Memorial 39-45. The memorial is located on a hill called Cité d’Alet that commands a superb view of the harbor and the walled city, as well as newer sections of Saint-Malo which were mainly countryside in 1945.  A steel machine gun turret riddled with large holes left by artillery shells is located beside the walking path that leads up the hill. The memorial park first appears to be nothing more than a flat grassy area with a few concrete structures.  Most of the German fortifications are deep underground and a tour of this complex is essential to understanding what really happened here in the summer immediately after D-Day.

The fort on Cité d’Alet was first built in the 18th century and was used by the French army until 1934.  After the German occupation of France, the location became important to the Nazi defense of the Atlantic coast.

In 1942, Hitler commanded the building of defensive fortresses to form a continuous belt of interlocking fire-power from Norway to the coast of France. He wanted an “Atlantic Wall” to consist of 15,000 bombproof concrete structures completed within 14 months and ready to be occupied by 300,000 men. This was a fantastical demand and most of it was never completed. However, at Saint-Malo the military and TODT, the German office of public works, began work on a three level concrete bunker with ceilings and walls two meters (6 feet, 7 inches) thick.  The complex, which required the removal of 15,000 cubic meters (about 19,600 cubic yards) of granite, included a three tier ventilation system, bunkers with periscope artillery sights, barracks for 200 men, a command post, water tanks, and generators.  Two nearby islands were also fortified with underground bunkers and artillery. One, Grand Bé, was accessible by foot from the walled city at low tide and remains a popular place for visitors. The other, Cézembre, approximately two and a half miles from shore, was home to 6 heavy guns with a range of 18 kilometers (over 11 miles) that could fire well into the countryside.  By June of 1944, the Germans considered Fortress Saint-Malo to be the best defended installation on the Atlantic Wall.  After D-Day, they had no intention of leaving their impregnable fortress without a fight to the death.

After fighting their way across Normandy, the US Third Army under General Patton entered Brittany on July 31, 1944 and headed toward Saint-Malo. The battle for the walled city began on August 4.  Allied intelligence had believed that there were 1000 German soldiers holed up in the area enclosed by the old walls and had bombed it heavily, however, when the city surrendered on August 14 only 83 German soldiers were found.
Meanwhile, on August 9, an infantry group of American forces had arrived at the foot of Cité d’Alet with no idea of the actual strength of the fortification which was now overflowing with 600 Nazi soldiers.  Intensive bombing and artillery shelling by American forces finally softened German defenses enough for an infantry attack to take the hill on their third attempt. The commander of Fortress Saint-Malo, Colonel Von Aulock, surrendered on August 17.  However, it took another 2 weeks of intensive bombing, to bring down the heavily fortified island of Cézembreꟷthe most bombed and shelled place on earth during World War II. The island surrendered on September 2, a week after the liberation of Paris.

The tour of the bunker these days includes only a small portion of the original complex as much of it remains dangerous for visitors.  However the experience was intense and informative. Tiny rooms with concrete walls and exposed ventilator ducts, and crowded with twenty five other tourists, gave a sense of what it might have felt like to live below ground as a German soldier. Each room contained artifacts.  There were maps, a model of the bunker, and life-sized dioramas enlivened with plaster figures dressed in German uniform, furniture, and assorted equipment and personal effects.

[image error]One display included the personal military record booklet called a Soldbuch which is mentioned several times in Immigrant Soldier.  These booklets, carried by every German soldier, were the first thing taken from prisoners before interrogation. I had heard so much about the Soldbuch while doing research that it was a thrill for me to see one for the first time.  I was also pleased to learn that it was the US Third Army that had liberated Saint-Malo.  I can’t help but wonder if Herman was here in 1945 and he simply forgot to mention it to me.  In the same room as the Soldbuch display, there was a chart that showed the large A arm patch of the Third Army, just like the patch on Herman’s arm in the photo on the Home page of this web-site.

By the time Fortress Saint-Malo was completely secured by the Allies, not one structure was left on Cézembre or Grand Bé and 80% of the old walled city was reduced to rubble. Clean-up began in Saint-Malo as soon as the bombing ended and it took over three years to clear and sort the wreckage. Reconstruction lasted about ten years, though the steeple of the cathedral was not completed until 1972.

Today Saint-Malo is again a beautiful city. If you are ever in Brittany, both the city and the Memorial 39-45 are well worth a visit.

The Archivist of the Ritchie Boys

Whenever I need statistics about the Ritchie Boys, I contact Dan Gross.  I have come to call him “The Archivist.”  I don’t know if this title is original to me, or if I heard it somewhere, but it is well-deserved.

Meg Waite Clayton - A World War II "Nut."

I recently had the honor of hosting best-selling author Meg Waite Clayton for a weekend in my home. She had come to Laguna Beach in order to speak at the annual fund-raising Literary Luncheon for an organization dear to my heart .*  Earlier I had been asked by the organization to write a short piece about Clayton for the local newspaper.  In order to do that, I had already enjoyed a long phone interview with the author and knew when she arrived we would hit it off.

The Ritchie Boy Who Helped the Quakers

[image error]Rudi Hockenheimer was born in Karlsruhe, Germany, in 1925. It seemed a safe time to his middle-class Jewish parents— Germany was recovering from the devastation of World War I which had ended seven years before—and they were pleased to have a son only a year and a half after the birth of their first baby, a girl named Marianne.  But the quiet safety was deceptive.

The Boy Who Helped the Quakers

[image error]Rudi Hockenheimer was born in Karlsruhe, Germany, in 1925. It seemed a safe time to his middle-class Jewish parents— Germany was recovering from the devastation of World War I which had ended seven years before—and they were pleased to have a son only a year and a half after the birth of their first baby, a girl named Marianne.  But the quiet safety was deceptive.

The Rosenstraße Protest In Nazi Germany

 

The shifting Nazi directives regarding Jews married to Gentile Germans which I wrote about in my previous blog, also resulted in one of the few successful resistance efforts against Hitler’s Jewish policies. 

The Rosenstraße Protest

 

The shifting Nazi directives regarding Jews married to Gentile Germans which I wrote about in my previous blog, also resulted in one of the few successful resistance efforts against Hitler’s Jewish policies. 

Nazi Policy and the Intermarriage and Mischling Dilemma

 

The Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 (see blog “Loss of Citizenship the Nuremberg Way,” posted May 29, 2015) continued to be amended and fine-tuned for the next four years.  Ever stricter, these laws codified Hitler’s anti-Jewish policy and gave the Nazi regime deadly control over the Jews living in Germany and the occupied countries. 

One of the stickiest problems faced by the Nazi policy makers was how to handle the situation of Jews who were married to German Gentiles and the children of these unions.

The Intermarriage and Mischling Dilemma

 

The Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 (see blog “Loss of Citizenship the Nuremberg Way,” posted May 29, 2015) continued to be amended and fine-tuned for the next four years.  Ever stricter, these laws codified Hitler’s anti-Jewish policy and gave the Nazi regime deadly control over the Jews living in Germany and the occupied countries. 

One of the stickiest problems faced by the Nazi policy makers was how to handle the situation of Jews who were married to German Gentiles and the children of these unions.