In the Old World civilizations of ancient warlords and absolute monarchs, subordinate creatures fell into several categories. There were loyal servants of their masters, like the conquered peasants and domestic animals. Then there were non-subject creatures, like the people of rival states or animals in the bush, who were fair game for attack and plunder. Last and worst were enemies within the kingdom, such as traitors, rebellious minorities, criminal gangs, and animal foes of civilization.
War and Peace with the Beasts: A History of Our Relationships with Animals