The monarchies fought over the borders, and once again Europe was on the brink of war, with England, Austria, and France on one side, and Russia and Prussia on the other. The Poles were filled with dread as the powerful monarchies maneuvered against one another and rolled over Poland’s ambitions for independence. Poznan would remain part of Prussia, Krakow was to be a free city controlled by the Austrians, and the center of the country would be called Congress Poland, under Czar Alexander’s control, while the eastern Polish territories would remain part of Russia. Complicating matters further,
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