Schools were established by the end of the second century in all of the major urban areas of the Mediterranean, in most cases by the leading Christian intellectuals who resided there. Justin Martyr (100–165) in Rome; Pantaenus, Clement (150–211), and Origen (185–253) in Alexandria; Tertullian (160–225) in Carthage. The schools not only were functional in forming potential leaders in the church. They were also the primary settings in which intellectual vitality was generated and influence in the culture was exerted.12
