At the beginning of the seventh century, the Mediterranean world was Christian. But, within fifty years of Muhammad’s hejira to Medina in 622, the armies of Islam had swept over the southern coast of the Inland Sea. Early in the eighth century, Arabs and Berbers brushed aside weak Visigoth resistance, overran Spain, and crossed the Pyrenees into France, where one of the decisive battles of history was fought. At Tours, the “Hammer of the Franks,” Charles Martel defeated the Muslims, who withdrew back over the mountains. ‘“Thus was Christendom saved in the tongue between the rivers, a little
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