In 1974, Georgi and Glashow put forward the first theory to go partway toward this goal of total unity. Their grand unified theory, together with later insights of Georgi, Helen Quinn, and Weinberg, suggested that three of the four forces—the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces— were all part of one unified force when the temperature was above 10 billion billion billion (1028) degrees—some thousand billion billion times the temperature at the center of the sun—extreme conditions that existed prior to 10−35 seconds after the bang. Above that temperature, these physicists suggested,
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