Once the process that makes teeth came into being, it was modified to make the diverse kinds of organs that lie within skin. We saw this taken to a very great extreme in the ostracoderms. Birds, reptiles, and humans are just as extreme in many ways. We would never have scales, feathers, or breasts if we didn’t have teeth in the first place. The developmental tools that make teeth have been repurposed to make other important skin structures. In a very real sense organs as different as teeth, feathers, and breasts are inextricably linked by history.

