most studies focus on obesity, but there is also evidence that increased UPF intake is strongly associated with an increased risk of: death – so called all-cause mortality8–12 cardiovascular disease (strokes and heart attacks)13–15 cancers (all cancers overall, as well as breast cancer specifically)16 type 2 diabetes17,18 high blood pressure19–21 fatty liver disease22 inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease)23,24 depression25 worse blood fat profile26 frailty (as measured by grip strength)27 irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia (indigestion)28 dementia.29
