By turning the precautionary principle on its head, the GCC and its allies subverted scientists’ absence of 100 percent certainty, pretzeling it into an argument for maintaining the status quo. It’s hard work, undermining a century of solid science, but the strategy paid off: by the early 1990s, Republican attitudes toward environmental action of virtually any kind had turned decidedly negative. Meanwhile, energy producers and manufacturers used this extraordinary turnabout as an opportunity to promote even more carbon-intensive products, including plastics (recall the sudden explosion of
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