Henry VIII of England’s decision to break from the Catholic Church in the 1530s led to a century and a half of struggle that culminated in the Civil War (1642–51) and Glorious Revolution (1688). In German-speaking countries, the conflict between Protestant princes and the Catholic Habsburg Holy Roman emperors was responsible for the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), in which up to 40 percent of the population died from the combined impact of conflict, famine and disease in some parts of Europe.[67] The Peace of Westphalia, which determined that each prince could choose his state’s religion, not
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