In field after field, an official Communist Party line became a new orthodoxy from which deviation was regarded as nothing more than heresy. Even as he was on his way out of power in 1924, Trotsky was still claiming that “The party is always right” and “One cannot be right against the party.”[clxix] On this Stalin agreed with his rival. “An Enemy of the People,” he once said, “is not only one who does sabotage but one who doubts the rightness of the Party line. And there are a lot of them and we must liquidate them.”[clxx] It was not only impermissible to be a critic but one could not even be
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