The second is that the tenets of Jacksonianism have expanded beyond the Scots-Irish to become the dominant political code of America’s working class, including the more recent immigrant communities in the North. “American Catholics, once among the world’s most orthodox, remained Catholic in religious allegiance but were increasingly individualistic in terms of psychology and behavior. . . . Urban immigrants may have softened some of the rough edges of Jacksonian America, but the descendants of the great wave of European immigration sound more like Andrew Jackson from decade to decade.”11
