Einstein himself, though he played an important role in the early development of quantum mechanics, initially rejected the concept of uncertainty, famously remarking, “God does not play dice.” The theist might reply that the game would not appear to be dice to God, even if it does to us. As Hawking points out, “We could still imagine that there is a set of laws that determines events completely for some supernatural being, who could observe the present state of the universe without disturbing it.”12
