The highest effects came from enhanced content strategies (e.g., relating topics to previous experience or learning and engaging students’ interest; d = 1.48), collaborative learning strategies (d = 0.67), inquiry strategies (d = 0.65), manipulation strategies (d = 0.57), assessment strategies (d = 0.51), and instructional technology strategies (d = 0.48). They concluded that “if students are placed in an environment in which they can actively connect the instruction to their interests and present understandings and have an opportunity to experience collaborative scientific inquiry under the
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