Her argument was that these differences were more reflective of parental characteristics. Parents of children who allowed unrestricted and unsupervised viewing tended to have fewer expectations and lower educational aspirations for their children than those who assumed greater control over television viewing. She found no support for the displacement hypothesis as leisure reading, sports activities, and spending time with friends all seemed independent of the time spent watching television. There can also be positive effects of television on pro-social behaviors (d = 0.63) and this outweighs
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