Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement

by John Hattie

There are no differences in effect sizes for the amount of formal schooling (Willig, 1985, African American d = 0.18, white d = 0.16); the presence of fathers or not (Schneider, 1992, African American d = 0.25, white d = 0.25; Albanese & Mitchell, 1993, African American d = 0.24, white d = 0.22), social acceptance (Swanson & Malone, 1992, African American d = 0.75, white d = 0.98), and no differences in need for achievement (Cooper & Dorr, 1995, white d = 0.02 greater than African Americans for studies post-1970). The only difference related to small group learning (Evans & Dion, 1991, white d = 0.48, African American and Hispanic d = 0.97).