On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

by Charles Darwin

that each species had not been independently created, but had descended, like varieties, from other species.

The author of the 'Vestiges of Creation' would, I presume, say that, after a certain unknown number of generations, some bird had given birth to a woodpecker, and some plant to the misseltoe, and that these had been produced perfect as we now see them; but this assumption seems to me to be no explanation, for it leaves the case of the coadaptations of organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life, untouched and unexplained.

نقد داروين للتصميم الذكي : يعتمد نبات ما وطائر علي بعضهم لاتمام مهمة التكاثر او البقاء حيا. تدعي فكرة التصميم الذكي انهمم اتوا للحياة في خطوة واحدة. ولا يبدو هذا قابلا للتفسير ولا يفسر فكرة تبادل التكيف

the power of man in accumulating by his Selection successive slight variations.

دور الانسان في توالد وتغيير الحيوانات المستأنسة الهم داروين بفكرة التكيف والتأثير المتبادل

NATURALLY SELECTED.

اول ظهور لكلمة الإنتخاب الطبيعي

state of nature.

استخدم داروين لأكثر من مرة فكرة (كائن في حالته الطبيعية)

The offspring from the first cross between two pure breeds is tolerably and sometimes (as I have found with pigeons) extremely uniform, and everything seems simple enough; but when these mongrels are crossed one with another for several generations, hardly two of them will be alike,

يلفت انتباه داروين هنا عملية التوالد بين فصيلتين من نفس النوع. يلاحظ ان الجيل الأول غالبا ما يكون متشابه. لكن لو استمر التوالد لأكثر من جيل سينتج كمية كبيرة من التنويعات . كأن داروين هنا يتلمس السر الغائب عنه في ما يحدث للحمض النووي من عبور

the structure of every organic being is related,

Sexual Selection.

فكرة الانتخاب الجنسي وحل معضلة الطاووس

How will the struggle for existence, discussed too briefly in the last chapter, act in regard to variation? Can the principle of selection, which we have seen is so potent in the hands of man, apply in nature?

داروين يبنيي استنتاجاته عن العلاقة بين التنوع و الصراع