The proponents of the Copenhagen Interpretation concluded their lecture with a peremptory verdict: “We consider quantum mechanics to be a closed theory. Its underlying physics and mathematics are no longer amenable to modification.” This was more than Einstein could bear. The iconoclast physicist par excellence refused to accept such a radical change. That physics should cease to speak of an objective world was not only a change in its point of view—it was a betrayal of the very spirit of science. For Einstein, physics must speak of causes and effects, and not only of probabilities. He refused
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