A few years after the publication of Capitalism and Freedom, the economist Paul Samuelson tried to test the indivisibility thesis. Comparing Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom at two points in its history (1948 and 1960), and the United States at three (1928, 1953, and 1960), Samuelson generated a graph indicating no clear relation between economic and political freedom. To the extent that the analysis suggested any relation, it was a negative one: when or where economic freedom increased, political freedom decreased.

