The decades-long evolution of ATM attacks and resultant security countermeasures nicely illustrates the arms race between hackers and defenders. More than that, it illustrates several themes that we’ll return to throughout the book. Systems never exist in isolation. They’re made up of smaller systems, and they’re part of larger systems. ATMs are computer software, yes. But they’re also physical objects. Their use involves customers, and a remote banking network. Hackers can target any of those aspects of ATMs.
