Fundamental mysteries remained, of course. How this system achieved the acrobatic balancing act between generating a forceful immune response against pathogens, while ensuring that same response did not turn on our own bodies—how the Kampf against microbial invaders did not degenerate into the civil war of horror autotoxicus—was still somewhat of a profound riddle (in Sam P.’s case, we could never control the autoimmune hepatitis induced by the cancer-rejecting immunotherapy).