Type 1 diabetes, which affects several million patients around the globe, is a disease in which immune cells attack the beta-islet cells of the pancreas. Without insulin, the body cannot sense the presence of sugar—even if there is enough of the chemical in the blood. The cells in the body, imagining that the body has no sugar, begin to scramble around for other forms of fuel. The sugar, meanwhile, all readied up but with nowhere to go, spikes threateningly in the blood, and spills into the urine. Sugar, sugar everywhere—but not a molecule in cells to satiate them. It is one of the defining
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