stress response includes changes in four domains: 1.The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which results in cortisol flowing through the bloodstream; 2.The sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis, which results in adrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine) flowing through the bloodstream; 3.Inflammation; 4.Changes in gene expression, especially in the hippocampus.1 All of these changes, in turn, affect metabolism.
