that succeeded in stealing large quantities of data from US companies and government agencies. These were traced back to China, including to Chinese military intelligence units, such as PLA Unit 61398, which had already been indicted by the US government in 2014 for multiple cyberthefts that “blatantly sought to use cyberespionage to obtain economic advantage.” These concerns were heightened by China’s stated policy of “military-civil fusion” and the legal requirement that private Chinese companies and institutions must automatically share technologies potentially beneficial to China’s
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