There is no definitive historical record of the number of Filipinos killed as America became America. Some of the more conservative estimates by historians place the number at around 600,000 deaths in Luzon and Batangas towards the beginning of the conflict alone; more comprehensive anecdotal reports suggest a number close to 1.4 million. The water cure—now more commonly known as waterboarding—was first used by U.S. soldiers in the Philippines as a form of torture during this period.
