The 105 mark (100,000 transistors) was reached in 1982, and in 1996, to celebrate the machine’s 50th anniversary, a group of students at the University of Pennsylvania recreated ENIAC by putting 174,569 transistors on a 7.4 mm × 5.3 mm silicon microchip: the original machine was more than 5 million times heavier, it required about 40,000 times more electricity, and the recreated chip was 500 times faster.83 And the progress continued: the 108 mark was surpassed in 2003, 109 in 2010, and by the end of 2019 AMD released its Epyc CPU with 39.5 billion transistors.84 This means that between 1971
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