The People’s Republic of China is challenging the political legitimacy and policy effectiveness of the Western liberal-democratic model that was inherent to the norms and rules of the order that had been created. The values espoused by these democracies and the international institutions and rules that have been built on them continue to represent a political and normative obstacle for Beijing. To combat this, China is creating its new multilateral institutions outside the framework of the postwar settlement, which China has consistently seen as an order created and imposed by the victorious
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