All this came to a head in March 2021, when the EU (in coordination with the US, UK, and Canada) unveiled human rights sanctions against China—for the first time since 1989—in response to growing evidence of large-scale human rights abuses in Xinjiang. After the sanctions were imposed, Beijing hit back immediately with seemingly little understanding of the likely consequences. It imposed sanctions on a wide array of European policy think tanks, individual academics researching Xinjiang, and—most significantly—multiple EU committees and members of the European Parliament.

