there are broadly four theories to explain why they drop out of the workforce in India in such large numbers. An income effect—as incomes rise, even once-cash-strapped families start to believe that they can do without women’s earnings. A more hopeful theory is an education effect—fewer woman in the labour force as a result of more women in school. The third is an underestimation effect—women are working but in ways that are not captured by standard surveys.
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