Increasingly certain that open hostilities with the United States loomed, Hitler took two far-reaching steps. First, he launched an offensive on Moscow, Operation Typhoon, in early October 1941, which was designed finally to capture the city in hopes of knocking the Soviet Union out of the war, shocking Britain into suing for peace, and precluding Roosevelt’s intervention.1 Second, Hitler further intensified his war on the Jews and Anglo-American plutocracy. This was intended to punish “the Jews” for their alleged support for the Allied cause, and was meant to send the president one last
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